Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science
##plugins.themes.gdThemes.journalSlogan##
Scopus CiteScore 2024
4.8
Calculated on 05 May, 2025
SJR 2024
0.31
Powered by scimagojr.com
##plugins.themes.gdThemes.journalSlogan##
4.8
Calculated on 05 May, 2025
0.31
Powered by scimagojr.com
https://doi.org/10.47352/jmans.2774-3047.310
Mai Anugrahwati
Endang Tri Wahyuni
Sri Sudiono
The growing need for sustainable nanomaterial production has driven research into more environmentally friendly synthesis methods. This study presents an innovative approach for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by valorizing argentometric laboratory waste using Sandoricum koetjape (kecapi) fruit pericarp extract as a natural reducing agent. Unlike previous studies that separately investigated the chemical reduction of silver waste or plant-mediated reduction of AgNO₃, this work integrates both approaches. Initially, the synthesis of AgNPs from silver waste was optimized using response surface methodology with central composite design (RSM-CCD) to determine optimal reaction conditions. Then, a comparison was conducted on the resulting AgNP characteristics and performance with one synthesized from AgNO₃ under the same conditions. The optimized waste-derived AgNPs exhibited a crystallite size of 12 nm and an average particle size of 38.41 nm, along with a distinct surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 420 nm, confirming their nanoscale formation. Comprehensive characterization by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), XRD, TEM, and zeta potential analysis verified the nanoparticles' functionalization, stability, and crystallinity. In photocatalytic performance tests, the waste-derived AgNPs achieved 96% degradation of methylene blue, comparable to the AgNO₃-derived counterpart.
[1] M. Abass Sofi, S. Sunitha, M. Ashaq Sofi, S. K. Khadheer Pasha, and D. Choi. (2022). "An overview of antimicrobial and anticancer potential of silver nanoparticles". Journal of King Saud University - Science. 34 (2). 10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101791.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101791[2] T. S. Institute. (2024). "Global silver demand forecasted to rise to 1.2 bn ounces in 2024". Focus on Catalysts. 2024 (3). 10.1016/j.focat.2024.02.014.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focat.2024.02.014[3] E. Mining. (2024). "Industrial demand for silver reaches record levels". Focus on Catalysts. 2024 (8).10.1016/j.focat.2024.07.008.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.focat.2024.07.008[4] G. Chavez-Esquivel, H. Cervantes-Cuevas, D. E. Cortes-Cordova, P. Estrada de los Santos, and L. Huerta Arcos. (2024). "Silver-doped graphite oxide composites used as antimicrobial agents against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Tatumella terrea evaluated by direct TLC bioautography". Nano Express. 5 (1). 10.1088/2632-959X/ad2998.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-959X/ad2998[5] J. Sarkar, A. Naskar, A. Nath, B. Gangopadhyay, E. Tarafdar, D. Das, S. Chakraborty, D. Chattopadhyay, and K. Acharya. (2024). "Innovative utilization of harvested mushroom substrate for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: A multi-response optimization approach". Environmental Research. 248 : 118297. 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118297.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.118297[6] M. Pradeep, D. Kruszka, P. Kachlicki, D. Mondal, and G. Franklin. (2021). "Uncovering the Phytochemical Basis and the Mechanism of Plant Extract-Mediated Eco-Friendly Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with a Photodiode Array and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry". ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 10 (1): 562-571. 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c06960.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c06960[7] Y. K. Mohanta, A. K. Mishra, J. Panda, I. Chakrabartty, B. Sarma, S. K. Panda, H. Chopra, G. Zengin, M. G. Moloney, and M. Sharifi-Rad. (2023). "Promising applications of phyto-fabricated silver nanoparticles: Recent trends in biomedicine". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 688 : 149126. 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149126.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149126[8] G. Gusrizal, T. A. Zaharah, A. Shofiyani, and S. J. Santosa. (2021). "Waste from Argentometric Determination of Chloride as a Source of Silver in the Synthesis of p‐Hydroxybenzoic Acid Capped Silver Nanoparticles". ChemistrySelect. 6 (23): 5763-5770. 10.1002/slct.202004184.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202004184[9] M. S. Mondal, A. Paul, and M. Rhaman. (2023). "Recycling of silver nanoparticles from electronic waste via green synthesis and application of AgNPs-chitosan based nanocomposite on textile material". Scientific Reports. 13 (1): 13798. 10.1038/s41598-023-40668-7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-40668-7[10] A. Singhal and A. Gupta. (2019). "Sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles using exposed X-ray sheets and forest-industrial waste biomass: Assessment of kinetic and catalytic properties for degradation of toxic dyes mixture". Journal of Environmental Management. 247 : 698-711. 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.078.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.078[11] M. S. Bures, L. Maslov Bandic, and K. Vlahovicek-Kahlina. (2023). "Determination of Bioactive Components in Mandarin Fruits: A Review". Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry. 53 (7): 1489-1514. 10.1080/10408347.2022.2035209.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2022.2035209[12] M. A. Rasadah, S. Khozirah, A. A. Aznie, and M. M. Nik. (2004). "Anti-inflammatory agents from Sandoricum koetjape Merr". Phytomedicine. 11 (2-3): 261-3. 10.1078/0944-7113-00339.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1078/0944-7113-00339[13] S. Saadah, S. M. Tulandi, and R. A. Rohman. (2023). "Seven types of phenolic acid and inhibitory activity for protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) from the stem of Sandoricum koetjape". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 1255 (1). 10.1088/1755-1315/1255/1/012070.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1255/1/012070[14] I. N. Wirata, A. A. G. Agung, N. W. Arini, I. G. A. Raiyanti, I. K. Aryana, and I. N. Purna. (2023). "Decrease in the number of Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus bacterial colonies after administration of sentul fruit peel extract gel (Sandoricum koetjape) in gingivitis model of white Wistar rats". Bali Medical Journal. 12 (3): 2739-2742. 10.15562/bmj.v12i3.4753.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15562/bmj.v12i3.4753[15] A. S. Rini, Y. Rati, and S. W. Maisita. (2021). "Of ZnO Nanoparticle using Sandoricum Koetjape Peel Extract as Bio-stabilizer under Microwave Irradiation". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2049 (1). 10.1088/1742-6596/2049/1/012069.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2049/1/012069[16] A. Najafi, M. Khoeini, G. Khalaj, and A. Sahebgharan. (2021). "Synthesis of silver nanoparticles from electronic scrap by chemical reduction". Materials Research Express. 8 (12). 10.1088/2053-1591/ac406d.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac406d[17] Y. Medina Castillo, L. F. Cárdenas Guevara, R. J. Rincón, G. A. Murillo Romero, J. Niño Abella, J. Amaya, and D. Llamosa Perez. (2024). "Comparative evaluation of antibacterial efficacy of silver nanoparticles synthesized with Cannabis sativa extract at different concentrations". Applied Nanoscience. 14 (12): 1139-1155. 10.1007/s13204-024-03073-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-024-03073-8[18] A. S. Rini, A. Fitrisia, Y. Rati, L. Umar, and Y. Soerbakti. (2023). "Bio-Colloidal Silver Nanoparticles Prepared via Green Synthesis Using Sandoricum koetjape Peel Extract for Selective Colorimetry-Based Mercury Ions Detection". Karbala International Journal of Modern Science. 9 (2). 10.33640/2405-609x.3299.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33640/2405-609X.3299[19] A. Fatiqin, R. Alfanaar, S. Rahman, Y. Febrianto, S. Citrariana, M. a. P. Arsana, T. Suprayogi, and Y. S. Kurniawan. (2024). "Catalytic Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol and Methylene Blue with Silver Nanoparticles Decorated with Drymoglossum piloselloides Extract". Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science. 4 (2): 249-261. 10.47352/jmans.2774-3047.210.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47352/jmans.2774-3047.210[20] H. Zaid, Z. Al-sharify, M. H. Hamzah, and S. Rushdi. (2022). "Optimization of Different Chemical Processes Using Response Surface Methodology- a Review". Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development. 26 (6): 1-12. 10.31272/jeasd.26.6.1.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31272/jeasd.26.6.1[21] G. Nikaeen, S. Yousefinejad, S. Rahmdel, F. Samari, and S. Mahdavinia. (2020). "Central Composite Design for Optimizing the Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Plantago major Extract and Investigating Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antioxidant Activity". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 9642. 10.1038/s41598-020-66357-3.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-66357-3[22] K. R. A. Javier and D. H. Camacho. (2022). "Dataset on the optimization by response surface methodology for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Laxitextum bicolor mushroom". Data Brief. 45 : 108631. 10.1016/j.dib.2022.108631.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2022.108631[23] V. L. Sanches, L. M. de Souza Mesquita, J. Vigano, L. S. Contieri, R. Pizani, J. Chaves, L. C. da Silva, M. C. de Souza, M. C. Breitkreitz, and M. A. Rostagno. (2024). "Insights on the Extraction and Analysis of Phenolic Compounds from Citrus Fruits: Green Perspectives and Current Status". Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry. 54 (5): 1173-1199. 10.1080/10408347.2022.2107871.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2022.2107871[24] R. D. Hardini and T. E. Saraswati. (2023). "Concentration dependence of NaBH4reductant on the optical properties of colloidal silver nanoparticles synthesized from AgNO3solution". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2556 (1). 10.1088/1742-6596/2556/1/012013.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2556/1/012013[25] S. Menon, A. R. Jose, S. Jesny, and K. G. Kumar. (2016). "A colorimetric and fluorometric sensor for the determination of norepinephrine". Analytical Methods. 8 (29): 5801-5805. 10.1039/c6ay01539e.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C6AY01539E[26] N. Tarannum, Divya, and Y. K. Gautam. (2019). "Facile green synthesis and applications of silver nanoparticles: a state-of-the-art review". RSC Advances. 9 (60): 34926-34948. 10.1039/c9ra04164h.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA04164H[27] A. H. E. Moustafa, M. A. Mousa, H. H. Abdelrahman, M. A. Fahmy, and D. G. Ebrahim. (2023). "A novel successful strategy for the detection of antibiotics and toxic heavy metals based on fluorescence silver/graphene quantum dots nanocomposites". Applied Nanoscience. 14 (1): 1-20. 10.1007/s13204-023-02921-3.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-023-02921-3[28] T. Arfin, Sonawane, and K. Arshiya Tarannum. (2019). "Review on Detection of Phenol in Water ". Advanced Materials Letters. 10 (11): 753-785. 10.5185/amlett.2019.0036.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5185/amlett.2019.0036[29] C. Astutiningsih, T. E. Rahmawati, N. A. Rahman, and M. Meri. (2024). "Green Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles using Abelmoschus esculenthus L. Fruit Extract: Antioxidant, Photoprotective, Anti-inflammatory, and Antibacterial Studies". Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science. 4 (1): 176-193. 10.47352/jmans.2774-3047.204.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47352/jmans.2774-3047.204[30] Wendelim and B. L. Fibriarti. (2024). "The Potential of Sentul (Sandoricum koetjape) Fruit Skin Endophytic Bacteria as an Antifungal for Ganoderma boninense". Jurnal Biologi Indonesia. 20 (2): 111-120. 10.47349/jbi/20022024/111.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47349/jbi/20022024/111[31] S. G. B. de Souza, K. J. S. Silva, M. M. R. Azevedo, A. K. O. Lima, H. de Campos Braga, D. B. Tada, K. Gul, S. Malik, G. Nakazato, and P. S. Taube. (2023). "Green synthesis and characterization of honey-mediated silver nanoparticles". Applied Nanoscience. 14 (1): 191-201. 10.1007/s13204-023-02969-1.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-023-02969-1[32] A. Kumari Das, S. Neupane, K. Kumar Nayak, S. Shrestha, N. Karki, D. Kumar Gupta, and A. Prasad Yadav. (2024). "Dichloromethane -Methanol fraction of Mahonia nepalensis containing Berberine, Jatrorrhizine, and Tetrahydroberberine as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel". Results in Chemistry. 12. 10.1016/j.rechem.2024.101866.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2024.101866[33] S. K. Moutari, A. M. Abdoulkadri, A. S. Boulhassane, A. Rabani, and I. Khalid. (2018). "Determination Contents of Total Phenolic Pigments and Spectrophotometric Characterization of Crude Extracts of Ten Tinctorial Plants of Niger which is Usable in Solar Energy". European Scientific Journal, ESJ. 14 (33). 10.19044/esj.2018.v14n33p389.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n33p389[34] M. Szymczak, J. A. Pankowski, A. Kwiatek, B. Grygorcewicz, J. Karczewska-Golec, K. Sadowska, and P. Golec. (2024). "An effective antibiofilm strategy based on bacteriophages armed with silver nanoparticles". Scientific Reports. 14 (1): 9088. 10.1038/s41598-024-59866-y.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-59866-y[35] N. M. Jassim. (2024). "Synthesis and nonlinear optical responses of Ag: ZnO core: shell nanoparticles induced by Z-scan technique". Journal of Optics. 10.1007/s12596-024-02432-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-024-02432-6[36] R. González-Campuzano, J. Delgado-Aguillón, R. Y. Sato-Berrú, A. Sainz-Vidal, A. A. Rodríguez-Rosales, C. J. Román-Moreno, and J. Garduño-Mejía. (2023). "Saturable absorption and negative nonlinear refraction index evolution in silver nanoparticles colloids". Optics & Laser Technology. 159. 10.1016/j.optlastec.2022.108989.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2022.108989[37] A. Amirjani, F. Firouzi, and D. F. Haghshenas. (2020). "Predicting the Size of Silver Nanoparticles from Their Optical Properties". Plasmonics. 15 (4): 1077-1082. 10.1007/s11468-020-01121-x.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-020-01121-x[38] B. Syed, N. N. M, L. D. B, M. K. K, Y. S, and S. S. (2016). "Synthesis of silver nanoparticles by endosymbiont Pseudomonas fluorescens CA 417 and their bactericidal activity". Enzyme and Microbial Technology. 95 : 128-136. 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.10.004.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.10.004[39] J. Helmlinger, O. Prymak, K. Loza, M. Gocyla, M. Heggen, and M. Epple. (2016). "On the Crystallography of Silver Nanoparticles with Different Shapes". Crystal Growth & Design. 16 (7): 3677-3687. 10.1021/acs.cgd.6b00178.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.6b00178[40] Y. Xia, Y. Xiong, B. Lim, and S. E. Skrabalak. (2009). "Shape-controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystals: simple chemistry meets complex physics?". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 48 (1): 60-103. 10.1002/anie.200802248.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200802248[41] J. Zeng, Y. Zheng, M. Rycenga, J. Tao, Z. Y. Li, Q. Zhang, Y. Zhu, and Y. Xia. (2010). "Controlling the shapes of silver nanocrystals with different capping agents". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132 (25): 8552-3. 10.1021/ja103655f.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ja103655f[42] Z. Chen, T. Balankura, K. A. Fichthorn, and R. M. Rioux. (2019). "Revisiting the Polyol Synthesis of Silver Nanostructures: Role of Chloride in Nanocube Formation". ACS Nano. 13 (2): 1849-1860. 10.1021/acsnano.8b08019.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.8b08019[43] Z. Chen, J. W. Chang, C. Balasanthiran, S. T. Milner, and R. M. Rioux. (2019). "Anisotropic Growth of Silver Nanoparticles Is Kinetically Controlled by Polyvinylpyrrolidone Binding". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 141 (10): 4328-4337. 10.1021/jacs.8b11295.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b11295[44] F. Kim, S. Connor, H. Song, T. Kuykendall, and P. Yang. (2004). "Platonic gold nanocrystals". Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 43 (28): 3673-7. 10.1002/anie.200454216.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200454216[45] S. Ghosh and L. Manna. (2018). "The Many "Facets" of Halide Ions in the Chemistry of Colloidal Inorganic Nanocrystals". Chemical Reviews. 118 (16): 7804-7864. 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00158.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00158[46] A. Fatiqin, H. Amrulloh, W. Simanjuntak, I. Apriani, R. A. H. T. Amelia, Syarifah, R. N. Sunarti, and A. R. P. Raharjeng. (2021). "Characteristics of nano-size MgO prepared using aqueous extract of different parts of Moringa oleifera plant as green synthesis agents". AIP Conference Proceedings. 10.1063/5.0041999.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0041999[47] Y. C. Lee, S. J. Chen, and C. L. Huang. (2013). "Finding a Facile Method to Synthesize Decahedral Silver Nanoparticles through a Systematic Study of Temperature Effect on Photomediated Silver Nanostructure Growth". Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society. 57 (3A): 325-331. 10.1002/jccs.201000048.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jccs.201000048[48] J. Tang, Q. Zhao, N. Zhang, and S. Q. Man. (2015). "Citrate ions and chloride ions involved in the synthesis of anisotropic silver nanostructures". Micro & Nano Letters. 10 (2): 71-75. 10.1049/mnl.2014.0185.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1049/mnl.2014.0185[49] L. R. Pokhrel, B. Dubey, and P. R. Scheuerman. (2013). "Impacts of select organic ligands on the colloidal stability, dissolution dynamics, and toxicity of silver nanoparticles". Environmental Science & Technology. 47 (22): 12877-85. 10.1021/es403462j.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/es403462j[50] E. A. Kyriakidou, O. S. Alexeev, A. P. Wong, C. Papadimitriou, M. D. Amiridis, and J. R. Regalbuto. (2016). "Synthesis of Ag nanoparticles on oxide and carbon supports from Ag diammine precursor". Journal of Catalysis. 344 : 749-756. 10.1016/j.jcat.2016.08.018.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2016.08.018[51] Z. Nemeth, I. Csoka, R. Semnani Jazani, B. Sipos, H. Haspel, G. Kozma, Z. Konya, and D. G. Dobo. (2022). "Quality by Design-Driven Zeta Potential Optimisation Study of Liposomes with Charge Imparting Membrane Additives". Pharmaceutics. 14 (9). 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091798.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14091798[52] J. Jiao, J. Wan, Y. Ma, and Y. Wang. (2019). "Enhanced photocatalytic activity of AgNPs-in-CNTs with hydrogen peroxide under visible light irradiation". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 26 (25): 26389-26396. 10.1007/s11356-019-05877-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05877-6[53] D. He, A. M. Jones, S. Garg, A. N. Pham, and T. D. Waite. (2011). "Silver Nanoparticle−Reactive Oxygen Species Interactions: Application of a Charging−Discharging Model". The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 115 (13): 5461-5468. 10.1021/jp111275a.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jp111275a[54] J. Thomas, P. Periakaruppan, V. Thomas, J. John, M. S, T. Thomas, J. Jose, R. I, and M. A. (2018). "Morphology dependent nonlinear optical and photocatalytic activity of anisotropic plasmonic silver". RSC Advances. 8 (72): 41288-41298. 10.1039/c8ra08893d.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA08893D[55] F. Meng, X. Zhu, and P. Miao. (2015). "Study of autocatalytic oxidation reaction of silver nanoparticles and the application for nonenzymatic H2O2 assay". Chemical Physics Letters. 635 : 213-216. 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.06.068.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2015.06.068[56] M. M. Martin, J. R. E. Sumayao, A. N. Soriano, and R. V. C. Rubi. (2023). "Photocatalytic Degradation Activity of the Biosynthesized R. rosifolius Mediated Silver Nanoparticles in Methylene Blue Dye". ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering. 23 (3). 10.22146/ajche.82506.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.82506[57] S. K. Urumbil, E. J. Jesy, A. J. Jasmine Mariya, and K. B. Sherin. (2024). "Biosynthesis and Characterisation of Silver Nanoparticles using Leaf Extract of <i>Gardenia resinifera</i> and its Antioxidant and Photocatalytic Degradation Activity". Journal of Natural Remedies. 2451-2458. 10.18311/jnr/2024/41904.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18311/jnr/2024/41904[58] S. Ringwal, A. S. Bartwal, and S. C. Sati. (2021). "Photo-catalytic degradation of different toxic dyes using silver nanoparticles as photo-catalyst, mediated via Citrus aurantium peels extract". Journal of the Indian Chemical Society. 98 (12). 10.1016/j.jics.2021.100221.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jics.2021.100221[59] N. Arifah Binti Ahmad Che Hamat, A. Phaik-Ching, M. Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim, N. H. H. Abu Bakar, T.-W. Tan, N. Farhanah Binti Mohd Amin, Z. N. Garba, V. Perumal, and P. Bothi Raja. (2024). "Cocos Nucifera’s lignin mediated silver nanoparticle and their photocatalytic activity". Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 160. 10.1016/j.inoche.2023.111845.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2023.111845[60] W. Qing, K. Chen, Y. Wang, X. Liu, and M. Lu. (2017). "Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by waste tea extract and degradation of organic dye in the absence and presence of H2O2". Applied Surface Science. 423 : 1019-1024. 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.07.007.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.07.007