Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science
Periódico de Acesso Aberto
Scopus CiteScore 2024
4.8
Calculated on 05 May, 2025
SJR 2024
0.31
Powered by scimagojr.com
Periódico de Acesso Aberto
4.8
Calculated on 05 May, 2025
0.31
Powered by scimagojr.com
https://doi.org/10.47352/jmans.2774-3047.358
Novia Amalia Sholeha
Tekad Urip Pambudi Sujarnoko
Lilis Khotijah
Dewi Apri Astuti
Muhamad Baihaqi
Kokom Komalasari
Encapsulation technology was developed to address the issues of limited bioavailability and instability associated with black soldier fly oil (BSFO). This research synthesized a nano-emulsion of BSFO utilizing the ultrasonication method, while varying the sources of antioxidants (black seed oil (BSO) and curcumin) and emulsifiers (polyethylene glycol (PEG), whey protein isolate, and Tween 80). The FTIR analysis revealed that the nanoemulsion samples displayed peaks at 3500–3000 cm-1 (O–H stretching), 2900–2700 cm-1 (N–H stretching), and 1700–1500 cm-1 (C=O stretching), suggesting the presence of BSFO, curcumin, BSO, and the characteristics of the emulsifiers. Particle size analysis (PSA) indicated that the emulsion had an average particle size (Z-average) of approximately 229–686 nm. The nan’oemulsion containing PEG showed reduced particle sizes of 218 and 229 nm compared to those with other emulsifiers, attributable to the inherently smaller size of PEG. The HB (BSO with PEG emulsifier) showed a reduced particle size due to the smaller molecular size of the antioxidant BSO compared to curcumin. The polydispersity index (PI) values for HB and CB (curcumin with PEG emulsifier) were 0.3 and 0.2, respectively, indicating relatively homogeneous particles, consistent with the criterion of a PI value below 0.4. Biological assays showed that CB had the highest DPPH inhibition at 83%, while curcumin exhibited 90%, exceeding that of BSO. The inhibition zones of HB are 2.45 cm for Staphylococcus aureus and 2.70 cm for Escherichia coli, representing the highest levels of inhibition. In this study, PEG is the best emulsifier for achieving a smaller nanoemulsion particle size. PEG facilitates the incorporation of BSFO with antioxidants, enhancing stability, efficacy, and bioavailability in various applications, particularly in the medical and food sectors.
[1] N. Azmi, S. S. M. Lock, N. T. Berghuis, A. Sarwono, N. L. Zahra, A. Rahman, S. Waqas, and A. S. Farooqi. (2024). "Influence of Synthesis Approach and Formulation on the Physicochemical Properties of Chitin and Chitosan from Black Soldier Fly". Results in Engineering. 23 : 102401. 10.1016/j.rineng.2024.102401.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2024.102401[2] K. G. Felix-Sagaste, M. Garcia-Carrasco, L. A. Picos-Corrales, T. Gonzalez-Ruelas, and J. A. Rodriguez-Mercado. (2023). "Plant-Animal Extracts and Biocompatible Polymers Forming Oil-in-Water Emulsions: Formulations for Food and Pharmaceutical Industries". Hybrid Advances. 3 : 100072. 10.1016/j.hybadv.2023.100072.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hybadv.2023.100072[3] M. K. Ranasinghe, A. Ballon, S. de Lamo-Castellvi, M. Ferrando, and C. Guell. (2023). "Ultrafiltration of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) and Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) Protein Concentrates to Enhance Emulsifying and Foaming Properties". Membranes. 13 : 137. 10.3390/membranes13020137.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes13020137[4] I. Hsieh, T. Chou, and J. Chang. (2023). "Development and Evaluation of Functional Nanoemulsion Gel Using Eco-Friendly Fucoidan for Drug Delivery Applications". Environmental Technology & Innovation. 30 : 103130. 10.1016/j.eti.2023.103130.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2023.103130[5] A. Falgayrac, V. Pellerin, C. Terrol, and S. C. M. Fernandes. (2024). "Turning Black Soldier Fly Rearing By-Products into Valuable Materials: Valorisation Through Chitin and Chitin Nanocrystals Production". Carbohydrate Polymers. 344 : 122545. 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122545.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122545[6] T. Chou, D. S. Nugroho, Y. Cheng, and J. Chang. (2020). "Development and Characterization of Nano-Emulsions Based on Oil Extracted from Black Soldier Fly Larvae". Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 191 : 331-345. 10.1007/s12010-019-03210-y.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-019-03210-y[7] U. Muslykhah, S. Phupaboon, C. Suriyapha, M. Matra, and M. Wanapat. (2024). "Encapsulation of Protein-Based Bioactive from Black Soldier Fly for Ruminant Feeding". Journal of Agriculture and Food Research. 18 : 101325. 10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101325.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101325[8] S. A. Siddiqui, I. A. Harahap, J. Osei-Owusu, T. Saikia, Y. S. Wu, I. Fernando, R. Perestrelo, and J. S. Camara. (2024). "Bioconversion of Organic Waste by Insects: A Comprehensive Review". Process Safety and Environmental Protection. 187 : 1-25. 10.1016/j.psep.2024.04.122.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2024.04.122[9] R. Dewanti, R. Martien, B. Ariyadi, and Z. Zuprizal. (2024). "Nano-Emulsified Black Soldier Fly Oil Concerning Performance Traits, Health, and Immunity of Broilers". Poultry Science. 103 : 104116. 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104116.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2024.104116[10] R. Rahman, E. R. Laconi, D. A. Astuti, and A. Jayanegara. (2025). "In Vitro Evaluation of Various Treatments of Cocoa Pod Husk Bioconverted Using Black Soldier Fly as Ruminant Feed". Journal of Animal Health and Production. 13 : 600-608. 10.17582/journal.jahp/2025/13.3.600.608.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.jahp/2025/13.3.600.608[11] S. Warinhomhoun, S. Sanpinit, P. Chonsut, and N. Ngamdokmai. (2023). "Effects of Black Seed Oil Combined with Olive Oil or Honey on Antioxidant Activities, Phenolic Content, and Identification and Quantification of Thymoquinone, a Key Bioactive Compound". Journal of Agriculture and Food Research. 14 : 100891. 10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100891.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100891[12] N. Naghsh, A. Hossein, Z. Kavyani, and V. Musazadeh. (2023). "The Effect of Nigella sativa (Black Seed) Supplementation on Body Weight and Body Composition: A GRADE-Assessed Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials". Journal of Functional Foods. 105 : 105565. 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105565.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2023.105565[13] M. Jafari, K. Prastouei, and S. Abbaszaden. (2023). "Development of Curcumin-Loaded Nanoemulsion Stabilized with Texturized Whey Protein Concentrate: Characterization, Stability, and In Vitro Digestibility". Food Science & Nutrition. 12 : 1655-1672. 10.1002/fsn3.3860.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3860[14] M. S. Lim, D. A. Astuti, and T. U. P. Sujarnoko. (2024). "The Effect of Curcuma xanthorrhiza Addition in the Post Transportation Ram Diet". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 1359 : 012111. 10.1088/1755-1315/1359/1/012111.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1359/1/012111[15] C. Chiu, P. Huang, Y. Chan, P. Li, and W. Lu. (2024). "D-Limonene Nanoemulsion as Skin Permeation Enhancer for Curcumin Prepared by Ultrasonic Emulsification". Journal of Agriculture and Food Research. 15 : 100932. 10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100932.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100932[16] N. Haq, F. Shakeel, M. M. Ghoneim, S. M. B. Asdaq, P. Alam, S. A. Alanazi, and S. Alshehri. (2023). "Greener Stability-Indicating HPLC Approach for the Determination of Curcumin in In-House Developed Nanoemulsion and Curcuma longa L. Extract". Separations. 10 : 98. 10.3390/separations10020098.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/separations10020098[17] P. Gupta, S. Preet, Ananya, and N. Singh. (2022). "Preparation of Thymus vulgaris (L.) Essential Oil Nanoemulsion and Its Chitosan Encapsulation for Controlling Mosquito Vectors". Scientific Reports. 12 : 4335. 10.1038/s41598-022-07676-5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07676-5[18] R. Enayatifard, J. Akbari, A. Babaei, S. S. Rostamkalaei, and S. Mohammad. (2021). "Anti-Microbial Potential of Nano-Emulsion Form of Essential Oil Obtained from Aerial Parts of Origanum vulgare L. as Food Additive". Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 11 : 327-334. 10.34172/apb.2021.028.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.34172/apb.2021.028[19] R. F. S. A. Ismail, M. A. E. Hassan, M. Moustafa, M. Al-Shehri, R. S. Alazragi, H. Khojah, A. A. El-Raghi, S. A. Abdelnour, and A. M. A. Gad. (2023). "The Influence of a Nanoemulsion of Cardamom Essential Oil on the Growth Performance, Feed Utilization, Carcass Characteristics, and Health Status of Growing Rabbits under a High Ambient Temperature". Animals. 13 : 2990. 10.3390/ani13182990.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13182990[20] W. Smulek and M. Jarzebski. (2023). "Hemp Seed Oil Nanoemulsion with Sapindus Saponins as a Potential Carrier for Iron Supplement and Vitamin D". Reviews on Advanced Materials Science. 62 : 20220317. 10.1515/rams-2022-0317.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/rams-2022-0317[21] V. Kumar, R. Ul, R. Shams, and A. Hussain. (2022). "A Comprehensive Review on the Application of Essential Oils as Bioactive Compounds in Nano-Emulsion Based Edible Coatings of Fruits and Vegetables". Applied Food Research. 2 : 100042. 10.1016/j.afres.2022.100042.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afres.2022.100042[22] S. Kumar, N. Singh, L. S. Devi, S. Kumar, M. Kamle, P. Kumar, and A. Mukherjee. (2022). "Neem Oil and Its Nanoemulsion in Sustainable Food Preservation and Packaging: Current Status and Future Prospects". Journal of Agriculture and Food Research. 7 : 100254. 10.1016/j.jafr.2021.100254.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2021.100254[23] M. L. Medeleanu, A. C. Farcas, C. Coman, L. Leopold, Z. Diaconeasa, and S. A. Socaci. (2023). "Citrus Essential Oils-Based Nano-Emulsions: Functional Properties and Potential Applications". Food Chemistry X. 20 : 100960. 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100960.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100960[24] I. R. Singh and A. K. Pulikkal. (2022). "Preparation, Stability and Biological Activity of Essential Oil-Based Nanoemulsions: A Comprehensive Review". OpenNano. 8 : 100066. 10.1016/j.onano.2022.100066.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.onano.2022.100066[25] S. M. El-Sayed and H. S. El-Sayed. (2020). "Antimicrobial Nanoemulsion Formulation Based on Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) Essential Oil for UF Labneh Preservation". Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 10 : 1029-1041. 10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.12.073.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.12.073[26] R. Razavi, M. Amiri, H. A. Alshamsi, T. Eslaminejad, and M. Salavati-Niasari. (2021). "Green Synthesis of Ag Nanoparticles in Oil-in-Water Nano-Emulsion and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Properties as Well as Molecular Docking". Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 14 : 103323. 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103323.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103323[27] F. M. M. Korni, A. N. Mohammed, and U. K. Moawad. (2023). "Using Some Natural Essential Oils and Their Nano-Emulsions for Ammonia Management, Anti-Stress and Prevention of Streptococcosis in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)". Aquaculture International. 31 : 2179-2198. 10.1007/s10499-023-01076-w.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-023-01076-w[28] L. Durai, V. Gopakumar, and R. Nagarajan. (2020). "Preparation of Celery Essential Oil-Based Nanoemulsion by Ultrasonication and Evaluation of Its Potential Anticancer and Antibacterial Activity". International Journal of Nanomedicine. 15 : 7651-7666. 10.2147/IJN.S252640.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S252640[29] D. Liang, B. Feng, N. Li, L. Su, Z. Wang, F. Kong, and Y. Bi. (2022). "Preparation, Characterization, and Biological Activity of Cinnamomum cassia Essential Oil Nano-Emulsion". Ultrasonics Sonochemistry. 86 : 106009. 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106009.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106009[30] Y. Shi, M. Zhang, K. Chen, and M. Wang. (2022). "Nano-Emulsion Prepared by High Pressure Homogenization Method as a Good Carrier for Sichuan Pepper Essential Oil: Preparation, Stability, and Bioactivity". LWT - Food Science and Technology. 154 : 112779. 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112779.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112779[31] O. Sarheed, M. Dibi, and K. V. R. N. S. Ramesh. (2020). "Studies on the Effect of Oil and Surfactant on the Formation of Alginate-Based O/W Lidocaine Nanocarriers Using Nanoemulsion Template". Pharmaceutics. 12 : 1223. 10.3390/pharmaceutics12121223.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12121223[32] M. Hosseinialhashemi, J. Tavakoli, and F. Ahmadi. (2021). "The Application of Pistacia khinjuk Extract Nanoemulsion in a Biopolymeric Coating to Improve the Shelf Life Extension of Sunflower Oil". Food Science & Nutrition. 9 : 920-928. 10.1002/fsn3.2057.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2057[33] I. Tahir, J. Millevania, K. Wijaya, M. Mudasir, R. A. Wahab, and W. Kurniawati. (2023). "Optimization of Thiamine Chitosan Nanoemulsion Production Using Sonication Treatment". Results in Engineering. 17 : 100919. 10.1016/j.rineng.2023.100919.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2023.100919[34] V. K. Ananingsih, A. R. Pratiwi, B. Soedarini, and Y. A. S. Putra. (2024). "Formulation of Nanoemulsion Parijoto Fruit Extract (Medinilla speciosa) with Variation of Tween Stabilizers". Frontiers in Nutrition. 11 : 1398809. 10.3389/fnut.2024.1398809.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2024.1398809[35] Y. Li, B. Liu, J. Yang, J. Sun, J. Ran, X. Liang, and Y. Li. (2023). "Characterization of Polysaccharide from Lonicera japonica Thunb Leaves and Its Application in Nano-Emulsion". Frontiers in Nutrition. 10 : 1248611. 10.3389/fnut.2023.1248611.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1248611[36] R. Adjonu, G. Doran, P. Torley, and S. Agboola. (2023). "Stability of Whey Protein Bioactive Peptide-Stabilised Nanoemulsions: Effect of pH, Ions, Heating and Freeze-Thawing". International Journal of Food Science and Technology. 58 : 1787-1794. 10.1111/ijfs.16292.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.16292[37] K. Haladyn, A. Wojdylo, and P. Nowicka. (2024). "Shaping the Bioactive Potential, Health-Promoting Properties, and Bioavailability of O/W Nanoemulsions by Modulating the Dose of a Carotenoid Preparation Isolated from Calendula officinalis L". Food Chemistry. 456 : 139990. 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139990.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139990[38] N. Hosseiniyeh, F. Mohtarami, H. Almasi, and S. Azizi. (2024). "Soy Protein Isolate Film Activated by Black Seed Oil Nanoemulsion as a Novel Packaging for Shelf-Life Extension of Bulk Bread". Food Science & Nutrition. 12 : 1706-1723. 10.1002/fsn3.3864.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3864[39] M. Mehran, S. Masoum, and M. Memarzadeh. (2024). "Enhancing Stability and Antimicrobial Activity of Spearmint Essential Oil Nanoemulsion Through Formulation Optimization by Mixture Experimental Design and In Vitro Drug Release Study". Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology. 46 : 108-118. 10.1080/01932691.2023.2280093.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2023.2280093[40] G. Zuccari and S. Alfei. (2023). "Development of Phytochemical Delivery Systems by Nano-Suspension and Nano-Emulsion Techniques". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 24 : 9824. 10.3390/ijms24129824.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24129824[41] J. Kabiriyel, R. Jeyanthi, K. Jayakumar, A. Amalraj, P. Arjun, A. Shanmugarathinam, G. Vignesh, and C. R. Mohan. (2023). "Green Synthesis of Carboxymethyl Chitosan-Based Curcumin Nanoparticles and Its Biological Activity: Influence of Size and Conductivity". Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications. 5 : 100260. 10.1016/j.carpta.2022.100260.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carpta.2022.100260[42] C. Racz, L. Zsolt, C. Gabriel, G. Tomoaia, O. Horovitz, S. Riga, I. Kacso, G. Borodi, M. Sarkozi, A. Mocanu, C. Roman, and M. Tomoaia-Cotisel. (2023). "Curcumin and Whey Protein Concentrate Binding: Thermodynamic and Structural Approach". Food Hydrocolloids. 139 : 108547. 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.108547.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.108547[43] M. Yildirim, G. Sumnu, and S. Sahin. (2017). "The Effects of Emulsifier Type, Phase Ratio, and Homogenization Methods on Stability of the Double Emulsion". Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology. 38 : 807-814. 10.1080/01932691.2016.1201768.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01932691.2016.1201768[44] H. Saffarian, E. Rahimi, F. Khamesipour, and S. M. Dehkordi. (2024). "Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Effect of Sodium Alginate Nanoemulsion Coating Enriched with Oregano Essential Oil (Origanum vulgare L.) and Trachyspermum ammi Oil (Carum copticum) on Food Pathogenic Bacteria". Food Science & Nutrition. 12 : 2985-2997. 10.1002/fsn3.3979.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3979[45] S. Rahmanzadeh-Ishkeh, H. Shirzad, Z. Tofighi, and M. Fattahi. (2025). "Preserving Phytochemical Properties and Antioxidant and Enzymes Activities in Raspberry Fruits with Satureja sahendica Essential Oil Nanoemulsion: A Strategy for Enhancing Raspberry Fruits Shelf Life". Journal of Agriculture and Food Research. 19 : 101655. 10.1016/j.jafr.2025.101655.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2025.101655[46] Z. Sayyar and H. Jafarizadeh-Malmiri. (2024). "Enhancing the Efficacy of Nano-Curcumin on Cancer Cells Through Mixture Design Optimization of Three Emulsifiers". BMC Chemistry. 18 : 62. 10.1186/s13065-024-01160-z.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-024-01160-z[47] S. M. Kamal, W. M. Elsherif, and A. M. Faried. (2024). "Antibacterial Potential of Black Seed Oil and Its Nanoemulsion Against Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium in Yoghurt". Journal of Advanced Veterinary Research. 14 : 1188-1194.
