Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science
##plugins.themes.gdThemes.journalSlogan##
Scopus CiteScore 2025
2.1
Calculated on 05 May, 2025
SJR 2025
0.25
Powered by scimagojr.com
##plugins.themes.gdThemes.journalSlogan##
2.1
Calculated on 05 May, 2025
0.25
Powered by scimagojr.com
https://doi.org/10.47352/jmans.2774-3047.464
Kahoul Meriem
Mazouz Toufik
Kallab Debih Naouel
Since the mid-1990s, Greater Constantine has undergone rapid and fragmented urbanization driven by population growth and resettlement policies, causing land artificialization, vegetation loss, and microclimatic changes. This study investigates the relationships between urban growth, vegetation cover, and land surface temperature (LST) from 1995 to 2024 using multi-temporal Landsat imagery processed in Google Earth Engine. The methodology combines supervised land-cover classification using the CART algorithm and the Dynamic World dataset, extraction of vegetation and thermal indices (NDVI and LST.), Normality test was evaluated using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test with Lilliefors correction, revealing non-normal distributions for all variables (p ≤ 0.001). Therefore, Spearman’s rank correlation was used as the primary measure, while Pearson’s correlation was included for comparison. The results show a +68.21% increase in built-up areas and a −30.05% decrease in vegetated surfaces over the study period. Land surface temperature increased from 21.4 °C in 1995 to 32.6 °C in 2024, with a peak in 2015 (35.51 °C), partly attributable to El Niño event of that year. Statistical analysis indicates a weak inverse relationship between NDVI and LST (Spearman R² = 0.102–0.215) and a positive relationship between NDBI and LST (Spearman R² = 0.269–0.349). confirming that surface artificialization exerts a stronger influence on urban warming than vegetation loss alone. Nevertheless, the moderate explanatory power of both indices indicates that additional factors, including urban morphology, topography, and regional climatic forcing, contribute to spatial temperature variability. A key methodological limitation is the use of two distinct classification approaches (CART for 1995–2005; Dynamic World for 2015–2024), which introduces inter-temporal comparability uncertainty that should be considered when interpreting changes. These findings emphasize the need for nature-based urban planning, including green corridors, tree canopy targets, and permeable surface regulations, to reduce surface warming and strengthen climate resilience in rapidly urbanizing Mediterranean cities.
[1] F. A. Saidi, K. Phinzi, and E. Molnár. (2023). "Urbanization in Algeria: Toward a More Balanced and Sustainable Urban Network?". Social Sciences. 12 (3). 10.3390/socsci12030174.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12030174[2] H. E. Remiki and F. Tahraoui. (2023). ""The Periphery – the Keystone of Rehousing in Algeria. The Case of Constantine City "". Journal of Settlements and Spatial Planning. 14 (1): 39-52. 10.24193/jssp.2023.1.04.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.24193/JSSP.2023.1.04[3] H. Bourenane, Y. Bouhadad, and M. S. Guettouche. (2019). "Flood hazard mapping in urban area using the hydrogeomorphological approach: case study of the Boumerzoug and Rhumel alluvial plains (Constantine city, NE Algeria)". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 160. 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.103602.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.103602[4] M. Khelili, N. Anoune, C. Haoues, A. Khedidja, N. Drifi, and K. Chorfi. (2025). "Multi-Criteria Evaluation of Land Suitability for Urban Extension Areas Identified in the PDAU of Setif City Using GIS and AHP". International Journal of Geoinformatics. 10.52939/ijg.v21i11.4603.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52939/ijg.v21i11.4603[5] R. Aoulmi and H. Boukerzaza. (2021). "Grand Constantine: A Multifunctional Peri-Urban Agriculture for Territorial Development". Sciences Humaines. 697-712.
[6] J. A. Voogt and T. R. Oke. (2003). "Thermal Remote Sensing of Urban Climates". Remote Sensing of Environment. 86 (3): 370-384. 10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00079-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00079-8[7] Q. Weng. (2009). "Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing for Urban Climate and Environmental Studies: Methods, Applications, and Trends". ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. 64 (4): 335-344. 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2009.03.007.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2009.03.007[8] L. Zhao, X. Lee, R. B. Smith, and K. Oleson. (2014). "Strong Contributions of Local Background Climate to Urban Heat Islands". Nature. 511 (7508): 216-219. 10.1038/nature13462.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13462[9] M. Santamouris. (2020). "Recent Progress on Urban Overheating and Heat Island Research". Energy and Buildings. 207 109482. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109482.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109482[10] M. Morabito, A. Crisci, A. Messeri, S. Orlandini, A. Raschi, G. Maracchi, and M. Munafò. (2016). "The Impact of Built-Up Surfaces on Land Surface Temperatures in Italian Urban Areas". Science of the Total Environment. 551-552 : 317-326. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.029.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.029[11] T. D. Mushore, J. Odindi, T. Dube, and O. Mutanga. (2017). "Prediction of Future Urban Surface Temperatures Using Medium Resolution Satellite Data in Harare Metropolitan City, Zimbabwe". Building and Environment. 122 : 397-410. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.06.033.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.06.033[12] L. Bounoua, J. Nigro, P. Zhang, K. Thome, and A. Lachir. (2018). "Mapping Urbanization in the United States from 2001 to 2011, with Natural Color Composites and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)". Remote Sensing. 10 (9): 1500. 10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.12.002.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.12.002[13] A. Ameur, S. Ameur, and A. Adane. (2018). "Urban Heat Island Assessment and Investigation of Its Determinants Using Remote Sensing and GIS Tools in Algiers, Algeria". International Journal of Remote Sensing. 39 (4): 1055-1074. 10.1080/01431161.2017.1396145.
[14] S. Guha, H. Govil, A. Dey, and N. Gill. (2018). "Analytical Study of Land Surface Temperature with NDVI and NDBI Using Landsat 8 OLI and TIRS Data in Florence and Napoli, Italy". European Journal of Remote Sensing. 51 (1): 667-678. 10.1080/22797254.2018.1474494.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/22797254.2018.1474494[15] Y. Zha, J. Gao, and S. Ni. (2003). "Use of Normalized Difference Built-Up Index in Automatically Mapping Urban Areas from TM Imagery". International Journal of Remote Sensing. 24 (3): 583-594. 10.1080/01431160304987.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160304987[16] F. Bartolacci, R. Salvia, G. Quaranta, and L. Salvati. (2022). "Seeking the Optimal Dimension of Local Administrative Units: A Reflection on Urban Concentration and Changes in Municipal Size". Sustainability. 14 (22). 10.3390/su142215240.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215240[17] S. Sahabi Abed and A. Matzarakis. (2017). "Seasonal Regional Differentiation of Human Thermal Comfort Conditions in Algeria". Advances in Meteorology. 2017 : 1-14. 10.1155/2017/9193871.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9193871[18] F. Giorgi and P. Lionello. (2008). "Climate Change Projections for the Mediterranean Region". Global and Planetary Change. 63 (2-3): 90-104. 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.09.005.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.09.005[19] C. Liu, S. Lu, J. Tian, L. Yin, L. Wang, and W. Zheng. (2024). "Research Overview on Urban Heat Islands Driven by Computational Intelligence". Land. 13 (12). 10.3390/land13122176.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/land13122176[20] M. Allioua, "Les Abords de la Ville dans la Dynamique Urbaine : Cas de Constantine," Doctoral Dissertation, Université de Constantine, Constantine, Algeria, 2022.
[21] S. W. Myint, A. J. Brazel, and D. A. Quattrochi. (2013). "The Impact of Distinct Anthropogenic and Vegetation Features on Urban Warming". Landscape Ecology. 28 : 959-978. 10.1007/s10980-013-9868-y.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-013-9868-y[22] S. Vahidi, V. Hatamzadeh, P. Nouri, and A. A. Far. (2023). "Monitoring Land Cover Changes in Tehran City (2018–2022) Using Remote Sensing-Based Spatial Information". Asian Journal of Environment and Ecology. 20 : 24-35. 10.9734/ajee/2023/v20i3440.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/ajee/2023/v20i3440[23] C. Wang, M. Jia, N. Chen, and W. Wang. (2018). "Long-Term Surface Water Dynamics Analysis Based on Landsat Imagery and the Google Earth Engine Platform: A Case Study in the Middle Yangtze River Basin". Remote Sensing. 10 (10). 10.3390/rs10101635.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10101635[24] Y. Zhou, J. Dong, X. Xiao, R. Liu, Z. Zou, G. Zhao, and Q. Ge. (2019). "Continuous monitoring of lake dynamics on the Mongolian Plateau using all available Landsat imagery and Google Earth Engine". Science of the Total Environment. 689 : 366-380. 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.341.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.341[25] C. F. Brown, S. P. Brumby, B. Guzder-Williams, T. Birch, S. B. Hyde, J. Mazzariello, W. Czerwinski, V. J. Pasquarella, R. Haertel, S. Ilyushchenko, K. Schwehr, M. Weisse, F. Stolle, C. Hanson, O. Guinan, R. Moore, and A. M. Tait. (2022). "Dynamic World, Near Real-Time Global 10 m Land Use Land Cover Mapping". Scientific Data. 9 (1): 251. 10.1038/s41597-022-01307-4.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01307-4[26] T. R. Loveland and J. R. Irons. (2016). "Landsat 8: The plans, the reality, and the legacy". Remote Sensing of Environment. 185 : 1-6. 10.1016/j.rse.2016.07.033.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2016.07.033[27] S. L. Ermida, P. Soares, V. Mantas, F. M. Göttsche, and I. F. Trigo. (2020). "Google Earth Engine Open-Source Code for Land Surface Temperature Estimation from the Landsat Series". Remote Sensing. 12 (9): 1471. 10.3390/rs12091471.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12091471[28] J. Tavora, B. Jiang, T. Kiffney, G. Bourdin, P. C. Gray, L. S. Carvalho, G. Hesketh, K. M. Schild, L. F. Souza, D. C. Brady, and E. Boss. (2023). "Recipes for the Derivation of Water Quality Parameters Using the High-Spatial-Resolution Data from Sensors on Board Sentinel-2A, Sentinel-2B, Landsat-5, Landsat-7, Landsat-8, and Landsat-9 Satellites". Journal of Remote Sensing. 3. 10.34133/remotesensing.0049.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.34133/remotesensing.0049[29] E. Giofandi, K. Munibah, K. Kraugusteeliana, A. Novalinda, and C. Sekarrini. (2023). "The Comparison of Vector and Raster Data for The Calculation of Landscape Environment Using a Geographic Information System Approach". IT Journal Research and Development. 7 (2): 209-219. 10.25299/itjrd.2023.10878.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.25299/itjrd.2023.10878[30] J. A. Sobrino, J. C. Jiménez-Muñoz, and L. Paolini. (2004). "Land Surface Temperature Retrieval from LANDSAT TM 5". Remote Sensing of Environment. 90 (4): 434-440. 10.1016/j.rse.2004.02.003.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.02.003[31] J. C. Jiménez-Muñoz and J. A. Sobrino. (2003). "A Generalized Single-Channel Method for Retrieving Land Surface Temperature from Remote Sensing Data". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 108 (D22): 4688. 10.1029/2003JD003480.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003480[32] C. J. Crawford, D. P. Roy, S. Arab, C. Barnes, E. Vermote, G. Hulley, A. Gerace, M. Choate, C. Engebretson, E. Micijevic, G. Schmidt, C. Anderson, M. Anderson, M. Bouchard, B. Cook, R. Dittmeier, D. Howard, C. Jenkerson, M. Kim, T. Kleyians, T. Maiersperger, C. Mueller, C. Neigh, L. Owen, B. Page, N. Pahlevan, R. Rengarajan, J.-C. Roger, K. Sayler, P. Scaramuzza, S. Skakun, L. Yan, H. K. Zhang, Z. Zhu, and S. Zahn. (2023). "The 50-year Landsat collection 2 archive". Science of Remote Sensing. 8. 10.1016/j.srs.2023.100103.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srs.2023.100103[33] M. B. Moisa, B. T. Gabissa, L. B. Hinkosaa, I. N. Dejene, and D. O. Gemeda. (2022). "Analysis of Land Surface Temperature Using Geospatial Technologies in Gida Kiremu, Limu, and Amuru District, Western Ethiopia". Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture. 6 : 29-38. 10.1016/j.aiia.2022.06.002.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiia.2022.06.002[34] C. D. Ursu. (2019). "The Land Surface Temperature Evolution (LST) Using Landsat Scenes: Case Study of the Industrial Platform Săvinești". Geographia Technica. 14 (2): 131-142. 10.21163/GT_2019.142.12.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21163/GT_2019.142.12[35] M. Lin, H. C. Lucas, and G. Shmueli. (2013). "Research Commentary—Too Big to Fail: Large Samples and the P-Value Problem". Information Systems Research. 24 (4): 906-917. 10.1287/isre.2013.0480.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2013.0480[36] A. Benazzouz, R. Bouadam, and S. Belhanachi. (2023). "The Strategy for Eliminating Precarious Housing in Algeria to Enhance Quality of Life: Case Study of Constantine". YMER. 1792-1811.
[37] S. Bensaada and T. Guerroudj. (2024). "Rehousing in Urban Renewal Projects in Constantine, Between Integration and Residential Satisfaction: Post-Occupancy Study of Rehousing Operations in Ali Mendjeli". E3S Web of Conferences. 10.1051/e3sconf/202458501014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202458501014[38] M. Boudjeriou and A. Kebiche. (2024). "The Arrival of the Tramway in Algeria: What Impacts on the City? Case Studies of the Oran and Constantine Tramways". Papers of the Regional Science Association / Przegląd Geograficzny. 69 (3). 10.48128/pisg-2024-69.3-03.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.48128/pisg-2024-69.3-03[39] A. Kadi and N. Mouhoubi. (2023). "Urbanization and Social Change in Algeria: Examining Demographic Shifts and Urban Growth Patterns". İlköğretim Online. 22 (3).
[40] R. Bensalem and A. Hadjiedj. (2024). "Housing Issue in Algeria: Can AADL Provide a Sustainable Solution?". Revue Algérienne d'Économie et Management.
[41] H. Herrera-Cervantes, G. Gutiérrez de Velasco, O. Zaytsev, E. D. Barton, and M. Gilcoto. (2023). "Anomalous thermal and winds condition drove low surface chlorophyll-a in La Paz Bay during the 2015–2016 El Niño event". Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. 284. 10.1016/j.ecss.2023.108280.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2023.108280