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Applied and Natural Sciences Reviews

Vol. 1 Issue 1 (2026) Articles

Biological Activities of Selenium Nanoparticles: Molecular Mechanisms, Therapeutic Potential, and Safety Considerations

Hanif Amrulloh Claudia Maria Simonescu Oman Zuas Muhammad Saqib Khan Hamed Kioumarsi

Author information

Hanif Amrulloh

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7458-9258
  • amrulloh.h@umala.ac.id
  • Department of Islamic Primary School Teacher Education, Universitas Ma’arif Lampung, Metro-34111 (Indonesia)
  • Biography not informed.

Author information

Claudia Maria Simonescu

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5308-7344
  • claudiamaria_simonescu@yahoo.com
  • Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Bucharest-060042 (Romania)
  • Biography not informed.

Author information

Oman Zuas

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0101-5277
  • oman003@brin.go.id
  • Research Centre for Testing Technology and Standard, Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional (BRIN), Tangerang Selatan-15314 (Indonesia)
  • Biography not informed.

Author information

Muhammad Saqib Khan

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0897-7436
  • muhammadsaqib@yahoo.com
  • Department of Biological and Health Sciences, the Pak-Austria Fachhochschule Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology, Haripur-22600 (Pakistan)
  • Biography not informed.

Author information

Hamed Kioumarsi

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0783-0934
  • h.kioumarsi@areeo.ac.ir
  • Department of Animal Science Research, Gilan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Rasht-41996 (Iran)
  • Biography not informed.
Published in: April 20, 2026

Abstract

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have emerged as structurally tunable, redox-active nanomaterials with multifaceted biological activities that extend beyond the capabilities of conventional selenium compounds. This review critically synthesizes current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms, therapeutic potential, and safety considerations underlying SeNP bioactivity. At the mechanistic level, SeNPs function as redox-responsive nanomodulators that regulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a dose- and context-dependent manner. Through modulation of glutathione peroxidase activity and Nrf2/Keap1 signaling, SeNPs reinforce endogenous antioxidant defenses, while controlled ROS amplification induces mitochondrial membrane depolarization, caspase activation, and apoptosis in malignant cells. In microbial systems, SeNPs exert multitarget effects involving membrane destabilization, oxidative stress induction, and intracellular macromolecular disruption, thereby reducing susceptibility to conventional resistance mechanisms. Concurrent suppression of NF-κB signaling and activation of Nrf2 pathways further confer anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory benefits. These biological responses are intrinsically governed by physicochemical attributes—including particle size, crystallinity, surface charge, and functionalization—which determine cellular uptake, interfacial redox reactivity, biodistribution, and kinetic selenium release. Despite promising preclinical evidence in antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory applications, translational advancement remains constrained by selenium’s narrow therapeutic window, incomplete pharmacokinetic characterization, long-term toxicity uncertainties, and variability in synthesis and characterization protocols. Future development of SeNP-based nanomedicines will require rigorous correlation of structural design with mechanistic endpoints, standardized safety evaluation frameworks, and scalable, reproducible manufacturing strategies to balance therapeutic efficacy with controlled redox liability.

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