Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science
Open Access Journal
Scopus CiteScore 2024
4.8
Calculated on 05 May, 2025
SJR 2024
0.31
Powered by scimagojr.com
Open Access Journal
4.8
Calculated on 05 May, 2025
0.31
Powered by scimagojr.com
https://doi.org/10.47352/jmans.2774-3047.371
Muhammad Nurdin
Maulidiyah Maulidiyah
Abdul Haris Watoni
Muhammad Zakir
Muliadi Muliadi
Muhammad Zakir Muzakkar
Khusnul Ulul Azmi
Muh Edihar
Ahmad Zulfan
The development of high-performance and sustainable anode materials remains a crucial challenge for next-generation energy storage systems. In this study, NiO/TiO₂–biomass-derived porous carbon (BPC) composites were successfully synthesized using palm kernel shell-derived porous carbon as a conductive matrix. Structural and morphological characterizations confirmed the homogeneous distribution of NiO and TiO₂ crystals within the porous carbon framework. The FTIR and XRD analyses verified the presence of metal-oxygen bonds and high phase purity, while SEM revealed a well-developed porous structure. Electrochemical evaluations were performed in KOH solution using a three-electrode configuration. The optimized NiO-TiO2/BPC (1:2) electrode delivered a specific capacity of 7.76 mAh g⁻¹ at 10 mV s⁻¹ and sustained 3.59 mAh g⁻¹ at 80 mV s⁻¹, demonstrating favorable rate capability. Galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements further confirmed the improved performance, reaching 8.75 mAh g⁻¹ at 3 A g⁻¹. This enhanced electrochemical behavior is attributed to the synergistic integration of conductive porous carbon with electroactive NiO and TiO₂ phases. These findings indicate that the NiO-TiO₂/BPC composite functions as a hybrid alkaline electrode material and has potential for safe and sustainable aquatic energy storage devices.
[1] H. Moreno Fernández, J. Gallenberger, C. Mempin, I. Khalek, M. Neumann, S. Lotfi, S. M. Kim, M. Li, C. Tian, and J. P. Hofmann. (2024). "Phase Transitions in NiO During the Oxygen Evolution Reaction Assessed via Electrochromic Phenomena through Operando UV–Vis Spectroscopy". Electrochimica Acta. 498. 10.1016/j.electacta.2024.144626.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2024.144626[2] S. H. S. Pai, S. K. Pandey, E. J. J. Samuel, J. U. Jang, A. K. Nayak, and H. Han. (2024). "Recent Advances in NiO-Based Nanostructures for Energy Storage Device Applications". Journal of Energy Storage. 76. 10.1016/j.est.2023.109731.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.109731[3] T. Appadurai, C. Subramaniyam, R. Kuppusamy, S. Karazhanov, and B. Subramanian. (2019). "Electrochemical Performance of Nitrogen-Doped TiO2 Nanotubes as Electrode Material for Supercapacitor and Li-Ion Battery". Molecules. 24 (16). 10.3390/molecules24162952.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24162952[4] B. S. Harisha, B. Akkinepally, J. Shim, and J. Lim. (2024). "Hybrid NiO@TiO2 Nano-Architecture for Improved Electrochemical Performance with Simulation Corroboration". Journal of Energy Storage. 87. 10.1016/j.est.2024.111466.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.111466[5] T. Azis, L. Ashari, M. Z. Muzakkar, M. Nurdin, L. O. M. Z. Mulkiyan, L. O. A. Salim, M. Edihar, and A. A. Umar. (2024). "Enhancing Cyclic Voltammetry Performance with N-Graphene-Supported Coupled NiO/TiO2 Hollow Nanospheres as Superior Anode Material". Chemical Papers. 78 (8): 4719-4731. 10.1007/s11696-024-03408-3.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-024-03408-3[6] D. Kang, J. Li, and Y. Zhang. (2020). "Effect of Ni Doping Content on Phase Transition and Electrochemical Performance of TiO2 Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning Applied for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes". Materials. 13 (6). 10.3390/ma13061302.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13061302[7] L. Baudino, P. Zaccagnini, S. Bianco, M. Castellino, A. Lamberti, C. F. Pirri, and M. Serrapede. (2024). "Unveiling the Power of Titanium Dioxide for Energy Storage and Electrochemical Technologies". ChemCatChem. 17 (4). 10.1002/cctc.202401689.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.202401689[8] P. Si, Z. Zheng, Y. Gu, C. Geng, Z. Guo, J. Qin, and W. Wen. (2023). "Nanostructured TiO2 Arrays for Energy Storage". Materials. 16 (10). 10.3390/ma16103864.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16103864[9] C. Sippel, W. C. Guaglianoni, and C. P. Bergmann. (2022). In: "Engineering Materials". 73-96. 10.1007/978-3-030-86822-2_5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86822-2_5[10] P. Sinha, S. Banerjee, and K. K. Kar. (2020). In: "Springer Series in Materials Science". 145-178. 10.1007/978-3-030-52359-6_6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52359-6_6[11] M. Maulidiyah, T. Azis, L. Lindayani, D. Wibowo, L. O. A. Salim, A. Aladin, and M. Nurdin. (2019). "Sol-Gel TiO2/Carbon Paste Electrode Nanocomposites for Electrochemical-Assisted Sensing of Fipronil Pesticide". Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology. 10 (4): 394-401. 10.33961/jecst.2019.00178.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33961/jecst.2019.00178[12] Z. H. Mahmoud, Y. Ajaj, G. K. Ghadir, H. M. Al-Tmimi, H. H. Jasim, M. Al-Salih, M. H. S. Alubiady, A. M. Al-Ani, S. S. Jumaa, S. Azat, G. F. Smaisim, and E. Kianfar. (2024). "Carbon-Doped Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) as Li-Ion Battery Electrode: Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance". Results in Chemistry. 7. 10.1016/j.rechem.2024.101422.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2024.101422[13] M. E. G. Lyons, R. L. Doyle, I. Godwin, M. O'Brien, and L. Russell. (2012). "Hydrous Nickel Oxide: Redox Switching and the Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Aqueous Alkaline Solution". Journal of The Electrochemical Society. 159 (12): H932-H944. 10.1149/2.078212jes.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1149/2.078212jes[14] M. Natsir, Y. I. Putri, D. Wibowo, M. Maulidiyah, L. O. A. Salim, T. Azis, C. M. Bijang, F. Mustapa, I. Irwan, Z. Arham, and M. Nurdin. (2021). "Effects of Ni–TiO2 Pillared Clay–Montmorillonite Composites for Photocatalytic Enhancement Against Reactive Orange Under Visible Light". Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials. 31 (8): 3378-3388. 10.1007/s10904-021-01980-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-021-01980-9[15] T. Azis, M. Z. Muzakkar, A. T. Nurwahida, N. Dali, O. A. Kadir, D. A. Lestari, and O. A. Salim. (2023). "ZnO-Enhanced Reduced Graphene Oxide Electrodes from Cocoa Shell: Nanoarchitectonics Platform for Photoelectrocatalytic Detection of Methylene Blue". Journal of Oleo Science. 72 (12): 1133-1140. 10.5650/jos.ess23152.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess23152[16] M. Nazhipkyzy, M. Yeleuov, S. T. Sultakhan, A. B. Maltay, A. A. Zhaparova, D. D. Assylkhanova, and R. R. Nemkayeva. (2022). "Electrochemical Performance of Chemically Activated Carbons from Sawdust as Supercapacitor Electrodes". Nanomaterials. 12 (19). 10.3390/nano12193391.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12193391[17] G. Manibalan, G. Murugadoss, P. Kuppusami, N. Kandhasamy, and M. R. Kumar. (2021). "Synthesis of Heterogeneous NiO Nanoparticles for High-Performance Electrochemical Supercapacitor Application". Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics. 32 (5): 5945-5954. 10.1007/s10854-021-05315-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-021-05315-9[18] T. H. Kim, J. H. Jeon, J. E. Kim, K. S. Kang, J. Yoon, C. S. Park, K. Jung, T. Han, H. Lee, H. Joo, and H. Lee. (2024). "Effect of α-FeOOH in KOH Electrolytes on the Activity of NiO Electrodes in Alkaline Water Electrolysis for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction". Catalysts. 14 (12). 10.3390/catal14120870.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14120870[19] S. E. Siddiqui, M. A. Rahman, J. H. Kim, S. B. Sharif, and S. Paul. (2022). "A Review on Recent Advancements of Ni-NiO Nanocomposite as an Anode for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Battery". Nanomaterials. 12 (17). 10.3390/nano12172930.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12172930[20] A. León, P. Reuquen, C. Garín, R. Segura, P. Vargas, P. Zapata, and P. Orihuela. (2017). "FTIR and Raman Characterization of TiO2 Nanoparticles Coated with Polyethylene Glycol as Carrier for 2-Methoxyestradiol". Applied Sciences. 7 (1). 10.3390/app7010049.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app7010049[21] P. K. Singh. (2021). "Thermo Gravimetric Analysis and FTIR Analysis of Electrochemically Synthesized Graphene Oxide (GO)/Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO)". 1116 : 012003. 10.1088/1757-899X/1116/1/012003
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1116/1/012003[22] F. N. Ajjan, M. J. Jafari, T. Rębiś, T. Ederth, and O. Inganäs. (2015). "Spectroelectrochemical Investigation of Redox States in a Polypyrrole/Lignin Composite Electrode Material". Journal of Materials Chemistry A. 3 (24): 12927-12937. 10.1039/c5ta00788g.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA00788G[23] S. Mugundan, B. Rajamannan, G. Viruthagiri, N. Shanmugam, R. Gobi, and P. Praveen. (2014). "Synthesis and Characterization of Undoped and Cobalt-Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles via Sol–Gel Technique". Applied Nanoscience. 5 (4): 449-456. 10.1007/s13204-014-0337-y.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-014-0337-y[24] N. D. Abazovic, M. I. Comor, M. D. Dramicanin, D. J. Jovanovic, S. P. Ahrenkiel, and J. M. Nedeljkovic. (2006). "Photoluminescence of Anatase and Rutile TiO2 Particles". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 110 (50): 25366-25370. 10.1021/jp064454f.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jp064454f[25] L. S. Chougala, M. S. Yatnatti, R. K. Linganagoudar, R. R. Kamble, and J. S. Kadadevarmath. (2017). "A Simple Approach on Synthesis of TiO2 Nanoparticles and Its Application in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells". Journal of Nano- and Electronic Physics. 9 (4): 04005-1-04005-6. 10.21272/jnep.9(4).04005.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21272/jnep.9(4).04005[26] W. Li, R. Liang, A. Hu, Z. Huang, and Y. N. Zhou. (2014). "Generation of Oxygen Vacancies in Visible Light Activated One-Dimensional Iodine TiO2 Photocatalysts". RSC Advances. 4 (70): 36959-36966. 10.1039/c4ra04768k.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA04768K[27] I. M. Joni, L. Nulhakim, and C. Panatarani. (2018). "Characteristics of TiO2 Particles Prepared by Simple Solution Method Using TiCl3 Precursor". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1080 : 012042. 10.1088/1742-6596/1080/1/012042.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1080/1/012042[28] F. Davar, Z. Fereshteh, and M. Salavati-Niasari. (2009). "Nanoparticles Ni and NiO: Synthesis, Characterization and Magnetic Properties". Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 476 (1-2): 797-801. 10.1016/j.jallcom.2008.09.121.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2008.09.121[29] P. M. Kibasomba, S. Dhlamini, M. Maaza, C. P. Liu, M. M. Rashad, D. A. Rayan, and B. W. Mwakikunga. (2018). "Strain and Grain Size of TiO2 Nanoparticles from TEM, Raman Spectroscopy and XRD: The Revisiting of the Williamson–Hall Plot Method". Results in Physics. 9 : 628-635. 10.1016/j.rinp.2018.03.008.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2018.03.008[30] W. Chen, M. Gong, K. Li, M. Xia, Z. Chen, H. Xiao, Y. Fang, Y. Chen, H. Yang, and H. Chen. (2020). "Insight into KOH Activation Mechanism during Biomass Pyrolysis: Chemical Reactions between O-Containing Groups and KOH". Applied Energy. 278. 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115730.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115730[31] S. A. Al Kiey, R. Ramadan, and M. M. El-Masry. (2022). "Synthesis and Characterization of Mixed Ternary Transition Metal Ferrite Nanoparticles Comprising Cobalt, Copper and Binary Cobalt–Copper for High-Performance Supercapacitor Applications". Applied Physics A: Materials Science and Processing. 128 (6). 10.1007/s00339-022-05590-1.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-022-05590-1[32] P. De, J. Halder, C. C. Gowda, S. Kansal, S. Priya, S. Anshu, A. Chowdhury, D. Mandal, S. Biswas, B. K. Dubey, and A. Chandra. (2022). "Role of Porosity and Diffusion Coefficient in Porous Electrode Used in Supercapacitors – Correlating Theoretical and Experimental Studies". Electrochemical Science Advances. 3 (1). 10.1002/elsa.202100159.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/elsa.202100159[33] C. H. Lin, L. Wang, S. T. King, J. Bai, L. M. Housel, A. H. McCarthy, M. N. Vila, H. Zhu, C. Zhao, L. Zou, S. Ghose, X. Xiao, W. K. Lee, K. J. Takeuchi, A. C. Marschilok, E. S. Takeuchi, M. Ge, and Y. K. Chen-Wiegart. (2021). "Probing Kinetics of Water-in-Salt Aqueous Batteries with Thick Porous Electrodes". ACS Central Science. 7 (10): 1676-1687. 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00878.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.1c00878