Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science
Attention! We see an attempt to mimic the journal in https[:]//journal[.]pandawainstitutes[.]com/index[.]php/jmans It is a fake, predatory website. Do not register and do not do any other actions in it. We consider such an attempt as a good appreciation of our efforts to keep a high scientific level and quality of our journal. Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science (abbreviated as J. Multidiscip. Appl. Nat. Sci.) is a double-blind peer-reviewed journal for multidisciplinary research activity on natural sciences and their application to daily life. This journal aims to provide a means for sustained discussion of relevant issues that fall within the focus and scopes of the journal which can be examined empirically in the following fields: 1) biological and environmental sciences 2) chemical and material sciences 3) physical science and 4) mathematical science. The J. Multidiscip. Appl. Nat. Sci. is an open-access journal containing original research articles, review articles, and short communications in the areas related to applied natural science. The J. Multidiscip. Appl. Nat. Sci. publishes 3 issues in a year on January (first issue), May (second issue), and September (third issue). This journal has adopted a double-blind reviewing policy whereby both the referees and author(s) remain anonymous throughout the process. View full Focus and Scope This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Anticancer Properties of Ayusip (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) from Benguet Province, Philippines
Traditional medicinal knowledge remains an important source of healthcare for many communities in the Philippines, particularly in rural and Indigenous areas where access to modern treatments is limited. In this context, Vaccinium uliginosum (locally known as Ayusip), a plant used by indigenous peoples in Tublay, Benguet Province, has drawn interest due to its reported therapeutic applications for ailments such as cough, flu, and even cancer. This study investigates the cytotoxic properties of Ayusip, aiming to provide scientific validation for its traditional use and assess its potential as a source of bioactive compounds for cancer treatment. Leaves of V. uliginosum were collected, identified, and subjected to methanol extraction, with further partitioning using n-hexane and ethyl acetate. Phytochemical analysis indicated high levels of flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and tannins. Quantification showed significant phenolic (24.58±8.11 GAE mg/g) and flavonoid (121.38±14.04 QE mg/g) content. Antioxidant testing (DPPH assay) revealed strong activity (97.86±1.33%) at 25 mg/mL. The cytotoxicity of V. uliginosum was assessed against normal embryonic lung fibroblasts (MRC-5) and cancer cell lines HCT-116 (colorectal) and A549 (lung adenocarcinoma) using the MTT assay. Results showed that only the n-hexane extract was toxic to MRC-5 cells at high concentrations, while methanol and n-hexane extracts were highly cytotoxic to HCT-116 cells. In A549 cells, only n-hexane extract exhibited cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that V. uliginosum has promising cytotoxic effects, particularly at higher concentrations, with notable activity against HCT-116 cells. Interestingly, its cytotoxicity is biphasic: high concentrations induce maximum toxicity, whereas lower concentrations may encourage cell proliferation. Overall, this study offers insights into the cytotoxic potential of V. uliginosum, a traditionally used plant among Benguet’s IPs, highlighting its potential medicinal value.
Copyright (c) 2025 Haniyah A Dacsla, Al James A Manua, Rod Vincent E Borromeo, Ranelle Janine L Asi, Merrah Joy Subebe, Nanette Hope N Sumaya, Michael Muhmin E Manting, Ma. Reina Suzette B Madamba, Jaime Q Guihawan, Isidro B Arquisal, Carlito Baltazar Tabelin, Arnel Beltran, David Guilingen, Jethro Guilingen, Aileen H Orbecido, Michael Angelo Promentilla, Marlon Suelto, Dennis A Alonzo, Anne D Jungblut, Richard Herrington, Javier Lozano-Gerona , Ahmad Reza F Mazahery, Mylah Villacorte-Tabelin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Truncated Transmuted Exponential Distribution with Different Estimation Methods and Applications
In this study, we study and discuss a new truncated flexible distribution named the truncated transmuted exponential distribution. The probability density function of the new suggested model is decreasing, but its hazard rate function is increasing. Some fundamental statistical properties of the new distribution are computed such as moments, incomplete moments, moment generating function, quantile function, mean residual lifetime, mean past lifetime, order statistics, and extropy. Various approaches of estimation are considered include maximum likelihood, least squares, weighted least squares, Cramér-Von-Mises, maximum product of spacings, Anderson-Darling, right-tail Anderson-Darling and percentile methods. A simulation study is established to assess the accuracy of estimates through some measures. The importance of the truncated transmuted exponential model is demonstrated using real lifetime data, and its goodness-of-fit is evaluated against alternative models. This study offers a more accurate match to the data compared to other competing models.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmed Mohamed El Gazar, Diaa S Metwally, Mohammed Elgarhy, Beih S El-Desouky https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Land Suitability Assessment and Agricultural Sustainability of Rice Cultivation in the Hilly Region of Jatiroto, Indonesia
This study aims to assess land suitability, identify limiting factors, evaluate agricultural sustainability, and develop improvement strategies for rice farming in Jatiroto Sub-district, Wonogiri, Indonesia. Land suitability was analyzed using purposive sampling with matching methods, and sustainability was assessed using the rapid assessment of plantation and farming (RAP-FARM) approach. The results show that inorganic and organic farming systems on slopes of 0–15% fall under land suitability class S3, while semi-organic systems on 0–8% slopes are classified as S2 and on 8–15% as S3. The limiting factor for land suitability was base saturation. Limiting factors in P-available and K-available were found in both inorganic and semi-organic farming systems. The limiting factors for base saturation, organic carbon, soil depth, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium were found in the inorganic farming system. Efforts to improve land suitability for rice include adding dolomite, applying P and K fertilizers (semi-organic land), and adding organic matter (inorganic land). The sustainability index of organic farming system (61.30) and semi-organic farming system (55.87) had a moderately sustainable status, while the inorganic farming system (43.43) had a less sustainable status. Attributes that need improvement include landowner-tenant farmer relationships, the intensity of agricultural training and extension services, and market availability. These findings provide that land suitability and agricultural sustainability require specific nutrient inputs and market access, which is important reference for making sustainable agricultural policies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mujiyo Mujiyo, Muhammad Nur Sulton, Lia Kusumaningrum, Sunarto Sunarto, Muhammad Amin Sunarhadi, Muhammad Rizky Romadhon, Nanda Mei Istiqomah, Viviana Irmawati, Tiara Hardian, Fajar Nugroho, Akas Anggita, Khalyfah Hasanah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of n-Hexane Extracts of Prunus Seeds on Tribolium Castaneum Adult Mortality
Botanical insecticides continue to attract the attention of researchers and those interested in pest control of crops, especially stored crops. The present study aims to discover and use plant extracts, to control insects that infect stored economic field crops such as the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, which is a stubborn and notorious pest resistant to pesticides that spreads in fields and warehouses. The study focused on two Prunus armeniaca L. varieties, Castelbrite and Priana, and two cultivars of Prunus domestic L., Showtime and Pissardi. The Soxhlet apparatus was used to obtain the n-hexane extract because A Soxhlet apparatus is used for extraction because it allows for efficient and continuous extraction of compounds from a solid the sample using a relatively small amount of solvent and the time period for each extract was 6–12 h using 100 mL of n-hexane. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique was used, a specialized technique for detecting and analyzing the compounds of oil nature in each extract, where 20 compounds appeared in each variety. Notable components such as 39.27(46.84) in Castelbrite variety seeds, eucalyptol (29.27) in the Priani variety, 39.27(39.27) in the Showtime variety, and 11-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (25.49) in the Pissardi were identified. The study found that at a concentration of 1, the mean mortality percentage for Priana was 20.0%, as the highest one. At a concentration of 2.5, the highest mean mortality percentages for the extract Pissardi were 26.7%. The mean mortality percentages increased at a concentration of 5, reaching 66.7% for Pissardi. The highest concentration tested was 10, resulting in a mean mortality percentage of 86.7% for Priana. These results confirm that n-hexane extracts derived from plum seeds can serve as a successful and effective alternative to synthetic pesticides used for pest control in storage facilities .
Copyright (c) 2025 Shaymaa M Hisham, Noor Al-Talab, Rasha Fawzi Al-Jirjees https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Preventive Behaviors against PM10 Exposure in Kitchens of Rural Thai Households using Charcoal for Cooking
Indoor air pollution from particulate matter (PM10) poses a considerable public health hazard, especially in rural areas where traditional cooking fuels like charcoal are prevalent. The objective of this study was to assess preventive behaviors against PM10 exposure among households using charcoal for cooking in rural Thailand. A cross-sectional descriptive survey involving 400 participants from 13 rural Thai communities revealed excessive PM₁₀ levels and highlighted the limited information available on effective preventive measures. Descriptive statistics, including frequency and percentage, were used for data analysis. Binary logistic regression was employed to determine the correlation between various factors and levels of PM10 preventative behaviors. Ninety-eight point three percent of participants exhibited majority understanding of PM10 preventive behavior; however, deficiencies persisted in several domains, including comprehension of particle size and the implications of ventilation. Despite this awareness, preventative measures were largely inappropriate (84.0%), with only 14.8% exhibiting effective protective behaviors. The primary preventive strategy was the consistent use of air purifiers (67.2%), while essential practices such as avoiding burning sites, thorough post-exposure cleaning, maintaining household hygiene, and undergoing annual physical examinations were rarely implemented. Association analysis indicated that individuals with congenital illnesses exhibited a substantially higher propensity to undertake high-level PM10 preventative actions (aOR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.12–2.63, p = 0.013). The study emphasizes the need for targeted interventions, including community education, behavioral incentive strategies, and structural modifications such as improved kitchen ventilation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Laksanee Boonkhao, Nattagorn Choochouy, Panida Paengkhamhak, Chonnipha Thamrong, Pongsak Rattanachaikunsopon, Supakan Kantow, Thitirat Nganchamung, Napaporn Meesaard https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Green Synthesis of AgNPs from Argentometric Waste using Sandoricum koetjape Pericarp Extract: Structural Characterization and Photocatalytic Activity
The growing need for sustainable nanomaterial production has driven research into more environmentally friendly synthesis methods. This study presents an innovative approach for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by valorizing argentometric laboratory waste using Sandoricum koetjape (kecapi) fruit pericarp extract as a natural reducing agent. Unlike previous studies that separately investigated the chemical reduction of silver waste or plant-mediated reduction of AgNO₃, this work integrates both approaches. Initially, the synthesis of AgNPs from silver waste was optimized using response surface methodology with central composite design (RSM-CCD) to determine optimal reaction conditions. Then, a comparison was conducted on the resulting AgNP characteristics and performance with one synthesized from AgNO₃ under the same conditions. The optimized waste-derived AgNPs exhibited a crystallite size of 12 nm and an average particle size of 38.41 nm, along with a distinct surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 420 nm, confirming their nanoscale formation. Comprehensive characterization by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), XRD, TEM, and zeta potential analysis verified the nanoparticles' functionalization, stability, and crystallinity. In photocatalytic performance tests, the waste-derived AgNPs achieved 96% degradation of methylene blue, comparable to the AgNO₃-derived counterpart.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mai Anugrahwati, Endang Tri Wahyuni, Sri Sudiono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mapping Aboveground Carbon in Rehabilitated Mangrove: Evaluating the Performance of Regression Modelling with Satellite-Derived Vegetation Indices and Kriging Interpolation
Mangroves are vital ecosystems in combating climate change, primarily through their exceptional capacity for carbon sequestration and long-term storage. To effectively manage and conserve these valuable resources, accurate carbon stock mapping is crucial. Given the inherent variability of mangrove biophysical characteristics, selecting appropriate mapping methodologies is essential. This study aimed to evaluate two distinct approaches: regression modeling using satellite-derived vegetation indices and kriging interpolation, within the Angke Kapuk mangrove area of Jakarta. Regression models were constructed utilizing forest canopy density (FCD) and its constituent indices (derived from Landsat 8), alongside normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), advanced vegetation index (AVI), and soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) from Sentinel 2A, as predictor variables. Field-based carbon stock data, obtained from 50 square plots (10 m × 10 m) using established allometric models, served as the response variable. The study revealed substantial heterogeneity in carbon storage, ranging from 34.76 to 236.87 tons/ha, with a mean of 135.31 tons/ha and a standard deviation of 50.09 tons/ha. Regression modelling, however, demonstrated limited predictive power, achieving a maximum R² value of only 0.03, indicating a poor fit between the predictor variables and observed carbon stocks. Kriging interpolation yielded moderate accuracy, as evidenced by a coefficient of variation of root mean square error (CV RMSE) of 0.39. This disparity in performance can be attributed to several factors, including the homogeneity of the rehabilitated mangrove canopy, which limited the ability of vegetation indices to accurately represent carbon stock variations. Furthermore, kriging's capacity to model spatial autocorrelation proved advantageous in this context. Based on these findings, this paper discusses the influence of mangrove characteristics on modelling performance and provides practical recommendations for area managers regarding future carbon stock mapping initiatives.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elham Sumarga, Tati Suryati Syamsudin, Sarah Sarah, Mutiara Putri Qalbi, Belinda Calista Tansy, Mohammad Basyuni, Siti Halimah Larekeng https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Probability of Earthquake Events and Building Damage Ratios: A Framework for Estimating Earthquake Insurance Premiums in Lampung, Indonesia
Sumatra Island is located in the Pacific Ring of Fire, which has resulted in high seismic activity. Several large earthquakes have been recorded in this region. Earthquake hazards lead to loss of life, damage to building infrastructure, losses in production sectors, and cross-sectoral losses. Hazard mitigation is necessary by calculating earthquake insurance premiums to anticipate disaster risks in earthquake-prone areas. This study aims to estimate the value of earthquake insurance premiums in Lampung Province based on the probability of an earthquake occurring at an intensity (SHI), defined as seismic hazard intensity, derived from the peak ground acceleration (PGA) and damage ratio calculations. We compiled multivariate data that can reveal periodic earthquake activity patterns, such as detailed information on earthquake activity over the past three decades and building damage data. The analysis results show that the larger the PGA value, the smaller the SHI value. The average damage ratio for all buildings indicates that the more significant the proportion of severe damage, the higher the average building damage ratio. Residential buildings have the highest estimated pure premium due to the use of simple materials that are highly vulnerable to earthquakes. Understanding these statistical patterns is crucial for comprehensively assessing earthquake disaster threats in the long term. The goal is to enable more effective disaster risk mitigation for frequent earthquake activity in the Lampung Province in the future.
Copyright (c) 2025 Triyana Muliawati, Fuji Lestari, Danni Gathot Harbowo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Tasikmalaya Mangosteen Diversity (Garcinia mangostana L.) Using Morphological and Genetic Studies Based on ISSR-PCR Markers
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is a widely cultivated tropical fruit in Southeast Asia, including Indonesia, valued for its health benefits. This study assessed the morphological and genetic diversity using inter-simple sequence repeat polymerase chain reaction (ISSR-PCR) markers of mangosteen from five locations in Tasikmalaya regency namely Sukaraja (M1), Tanjung Jaya (M2), Mangunreja (M3), Puspahiang (M4), and Leuwiliyang (M5). Molecular analysis was conducted on leaf DNA, with PCR products visualized via capillary electrophoresis. Data were analyzed using RStudio with vegan and poppr packages to construct dendrograms based on Jaccard and dissimilarity coefficients. Morphological observations complemented the genetic analysis. Due to amplification failure, no genetic data were obtained for M1, M2, and M3, and their similarity is inferred from morphological traits. M4 and M5 showed a Jaccard coefficient of 0.497 and a dissimilarity of 0.250, indicating moderate kinship and significant genetic variation, with 100% of amplified loci being polymorphic. The genetic diversity score (average variance 0.4966) suggests substantial variation, consistent with morphological differences influenced by factors like altitude. These findings provide insights for mangosteen breeding and conservation in Tasikmalaya, a region with unique agroclimatic conditions.
Muhamad Firmansyah Nugraha Adisty Erlangga
Copyright (c) 2025 Adam Saepudin, Rudi Priyadi, Tini Sudartini, Visi Tinta Manik, Muhamad Firmansyah Nugraha Adisty Erlangga, Ade Hilman Juhaeni, Gilang Vaza Benatar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
S/CuO/nGO Material as A Potential Antibacterial under Visible Light Irradiation
The search for environmentally friendly antibacterial materials with excellent performance that does not make bacteria resistant is still a challenge. In this research, S/CuO/GO nanomaterials were prepared by the sol-gel method using pectin as an emulsifying agent. After freeze-drying and calcining processes, the prepared nanomaterials were characterized using XRD, UV-vis diffuse reflectance, FTIR, SEM-EDX-mapping, and TEM. The Gram-positive and Gram-negative antibacterial tests were done using the MIC and Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion methods. The characterization data showed that the antibacterial material has met the nano-size of 16 nm, and its antibacterial tests using the MIC method gave promising results. Furthermore, the best MIC test results for Escherichia coli and Bacillus sp. bacteria were obtained at a concentration of 0.01000 and 0.00125 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion antibacterial testing for E. coli and B. subtilis produced a clear zone of 12 and 18 mm with an exposure time of 15 and 30 min, respectively. These results proved that S/CuO/nGO is potent for antibacterial application.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rudy T M Situmeang, Sumardi Sumardi, Syangap Diningrat Sitompul, Aniska Legia, Tri Umiana Soleha, Ni Luh Gede Ratna Juliasih, Jarnuzi Ganlazuardi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Preserving Tradition with Technology: CO₂ Laser Engraving of Lampung Tapis on Wood Waste
The traditional motif known as Tapis holds profound artistic and cultural value for the Lampung ethnic group. Promoting and preserving this motif is imperative to ensure its continued recognition within and beyond the Lampung region. A promising solution addresses this issue by applying innovative, creative, and solution-oriented technologies like CO2 laser engraving on wood waste. The CO2 laser engraving system changes electrical power into infrared radiation, enabling it to produce precise designs on various materials. The material’s artistic and economic value increases when a CO2 laser engraves the Tapis motif onto wood waste. Using wood as a carbon-rich medium supports carbon storage and can help avoid greenhouse gas emissions that are otherwise associated with open burning or uncontrolled decomposition of wood waste. This study evaluated the impact of different laser power levels (2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 W) on the appearance of Meranti wood surfaces after engraving. The evaluation of brightness (L*), red/green chromaticity (a*), and yellow/blue chromaticity (b*), along with overall color change (∆E*), was conducted using the CIE-Lab system, in conjunction with consumer preference assessments. Quantitatively, L*, a*, and b* decreased from 72.35, 12.33, and 18.49 in the control to 32.03, 1.21, and 5.73 at 7.5 W as maximum laser power, respectively. Consistent with these shifts, ΔE* increased from 30.04 at 2.5 W to 42.52 at 5 W and 43.73 at 7.5 W, all categorized as “total color change”. The consumer evaluation favored darkened color modifications. The results clearly demonstrate that CO2 laser technology not only enhances the visual appeal of wood waste products through engraving but also adds economic value and promotes environmental sustainability by capturing carbon. This powerful combination highlights the technology’s potential as a sustainable and profitable solution for wood waste utilization.
Copyright (c) 2025 Wahyu Hidayat, Bagus Saputra, Alim Fadila Rahman, Intan Fajar Suri, Indra Gumay Febryano, Duryat Duryat, Dian Iswandaru https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Diachronic Geospatial Analysis of Cochineal-Induced Degradation of Prickly Pear (Opuntia spp.) in the Rhamna Province (Morocco): An Innovative Framework Using Remote Sensing and GIS
Prickly pear (Opuntia spp.) is more than a conventional crop in Morocco; it serves as a keystone species sustaining rural livelihoods and enhancing ecosystem resilience. Owing to its remarkable tolerance to drought, poor soils, and heat stress, Opuntia has become integral to sustainable agriculture, land restoration, and national programs such as the Green Morocco Plan aimed at combating desertification. However, this success has been critically threatened by the rapid spread of the cochineal (Dactylopius opuntiae), a devastating pest that has decimated cactus plantations nationwide. To quantify the magnitude and spatial extent of this invasion, we performed a high-resolution geospatial analysis in Rhamna Province—one of Morocco’s main cactus-producing regions—between 2014 and 2020. A grid-based visual interpretation method was applied to sub-meter Google Earth imagery, supported by 3,305 ground control points and GIS post-processing. Cactus cover declined sharply from 23,326 ha in 2014 to only 267 ha in 2020 (−98.9%), with remaining stands highly fragmented across roughly ten communes. The corresponding annual revenue loss, estimated from fruit and biomass conversion factors and farm-gate prices, reached approximately 230.6 million MAD (≈ 23.8 million USD). Accuracy assessment based on confusion matrices yielded high overall agreement (overall accuracy and Cohen’s κ with 95% confidence intervals), confirming the reliability of the results. These spatially explicit, accuracy-controlled findings reveal the dramatic contraction of Opuntia cultivation and provide a quantitative baseline for recovery monitoring. The study highlights the urgent need for coordinated pest management and deployment of resistant genotypes, while demonstrating the value of expert-guided visual interpretation for monitoring bio-invasions in fragmented arid agroecosystems where conventional spectral classification often fails to capture fine-scale dynamics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Achraf Mabrouk, Abderrahim Ettaqy, Younes El Goumi, Ayoub Souileh, Mohamed Amine El Mzouri, Abdelhakim Taha, Reda Benhima, Mohamed Ouajdi, Malika Fakiri, El Houssine El Mzouri, Younes Abbas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Molecular and Bio-informatics Analysis of BCKDHA, BCKDHB, DLD and DBT Gene Mutations in Azerbaijani Patients with Maple Syrup Urine Disease
Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the BCKDHA, BCKDHB, DBT, and DLD genes, which encode subunits of the branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex. Understanding the genetic basis of MSUD is essential for accurate diagnosis, genetic counseling, and therapeutic interventions. This study aimed to characterize mutations in the BCKDHA, BCKDHB, DBT, and DLD genes among Azerbaijani patients clinically diagnosed with MSUD. Between 2015 and 2020, blood samples were collected from 940 individuals representing various regions of Azerbaijan. Exome and Sanger sequencing were employed to detect variants in the four target genes, with Sanger sequencing used to validate exome-identified variants in BCKDHB and DBT. Structural modeling of mutant proteins was conducted using the SWISS-MODEL platform to predict the functional impact of the mutations. Four novel missense mutations were identified in three unrelated patients from the Guba–Khachmaz region: c.1221A>G, c.972C>T, and c.508C>T in the BCKDHB gene, and c.1199A>G in the DBT gene. All variants were predicted to be pathogenic and associated with amino acid substitutions that potentially disrupt protein conformation. Notably, one patient belonged to the Azerbaijani Turk ethnic group, and two were from the Lezgi community. This study reports, for the first time, novel pathogenic mutations in Azerbaijani MSUD patients, expanding the mutational spectrum of BCKDHB and DBT genes. The findings highlight the importance of ethnically tailored genetic screening and provide valuable data for molecular diagnosis, carrier detection, and the development of personalized management strategies for MSUD in Azerbaijan.
Copyright (c) 2025 Lala Samaddin Huseynova, Aysel Rafig Hashimova, Shahla Rahid Eyvazova, Raya Rustam Hagverdiyeva, Sevda Tariel Huseynova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimization of Graphene Oxide-Based Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction from Cassava Peel Using Response Surface Methodology for Determining Ciprofloxacin Antibiotic Residues
Pharmaceutical waste containing antibiotics is a major contributor to water pollution. The widespread use of ciprofloxacin (CIP), an antibiotic, causes residues to accumulate in the environment, especially in aquatic habitats, causing ecological damage. A dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) method was selected to trace CIP residues in the natural environment. Graphene oxide (GO) serves as an absorbent in the DSPE procedure. To achieve the best results, an evaluation is needed to identify the most favorable absorption conditions for CIP. This study used a modified Hummers method to produce GO from cassava peel waste, which contains a lot of carbon and cellulose. Then the GO was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The response surface method (RSM) was based on a Box-Behnken Design (BBD). The CIP adsorption conditions were determined by considering the adsorbent dosage, pH, CIP concentration, and contact time. The adsorption capacity of 99.87% was achieved under the following conditions: pH 4.4; contact time of 35.2112 min; concentration of CIP 619.119 ppb; and adsorbent dosage 23.3237 mg. The method demonstrated linearities R2 of 0,9987 with a detection limit of 4.05 ppb and a quantification limit of 13.50 ppb, and %RSD in the range 3–5%, and recovery of 98.90%. It confirms that GO from cassava peel waste has the potential to be an adsorbent for the antibiotic CIP. This study provides a novel approach by employing cassava peel-derived GO for DSPE, achieving nearly complete CIP removal (99.87%), thereby offering a sustainable and highly sensitive method for environmental monitoring.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rinawati Rinawati, Elsa Fitrianingsih, Dian Rifani Muthia, Siti Salwa Khotijah, Agung Abadi Kiswandono, Widiarti Widiarti, Achmad Gus Fahmi, Tarmizi Taher https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Modified Dynamic Risk Multiplier for Managing Risky Assets Allocation in Unit-Linked Insurance Portfolios under the D-CPPI Strategy
Unit-linked insurance product (ULIPs) is a type of life insurance that provides two key benefits: protection (life) and investment. In this type of insurance, premiums are allocated to both risky and riskless assets, creating a portfolio that guarantees a minimum benefit. Therefore, it is essential to assess a portfolio’s value based on its ability to meet the guaranteed minimum benefits, which can be done using the dynamic-constant proportion portfolio insurance (D-CPPI) strategy. The D-CPPI strategy employs a dynamic risk multiplier that adjusts according to the price movements of the risky asset. When the price of the risky asset increases, the multiplier also increases, and vice versa. If the proportion of risky assets in the portfolio is limited, a modified dynamic risk multiplier is needed. The objective of this strategy is to maximize a portfolio’s value while minimizing risk. However, fluctuations in the price of risky assets may cause the portfolio value to fall below the guaranteed minimum, a risk known as gap risk. Hedging is required to mitigate the gap risk. This can be achieved by selecting and adjusting the initial dynamic risk multiplier in a suitable manner. The analysis presented in this paper uses actual data from the closing price of BBRI stocks from January 2017 to December 2021 as the risky asset. The results show that in a modified dynamic risk multiplier and hedging, the portfolio value consistently remains above or equal to the guaranteed minimum benefit.
Copyright (c) 2025 Andi Fitriawati, Sapto Wahyu Indratno, Kurnia Novita Sari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Econometric Modeling for Integrating Weather Forecasting into Abaca Supply Chain Planning and Distribution
This study investigates the impact of weather variability on abaca production, a vital agricultural commodity in the Philippines. Balanced datasets of quarterly abaca production, aggregated rainfall, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and relative humidity from selected top-producing provinces from the first quarter of 2010 to the third quarter of 2023 for the provinces of Catanduanes, Northern Samar, Bukidnon, and Surigao del Sur for a total of 212 datapoints were used. The final model employs a fixed effects regression model with bootstrapping using a 3-week moving average (MA) to filter short‑term shocks and better assess the impact of each regressors. Bootstrapping was done to produce statistically appreciable estimates given the that the distributions of the regressors are not all normal and to reduce the standard errors of the estimates. The results, with varying significance values, show that the lag of MA of abaca production, the third lag of the MA of maximum temperature, the MA of minimum temperature, and the third lag of MA of minimum temperature have significant effects on the MA of abaca production. The final model shows an R2 value of 97.47% as well, indicating a very high level of explainability of the variability of the abaca production in terms of the regressors. The results highlight the criticality of (a) including lags, (b) separating maximum temperature and minimum temperature as spatiotemporal regressors for crops, and (c) accounting for potential long-term effects of rising temperature at nighttime. Among other things, supply chain management people, local government units, and policymakers can use the findings of this paper for anticipatory action amidst the changing climate.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hernan Pantolla, Emmanuel Dotong https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Carbon Stock in Oceanic Mangrove of Gili Sulat-Lawang Marine Tourism Park, Sembelia-Eastern Lombok
Mangroves are highly productive coastal ecosystems that play a critical role in carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation. This study quantified carbon stocks in oceanic mangroves of the Gili Sulat–Lawang Marine Tourism Park, characterized by strong tidal influence and absence of freshwater input. Carbon pools were assessed in living and dead vegetation, as well as soils across three management zones. The biomass and carbon content of living mangrove were estimated using species-specific allometric equations. The dead mangrove carbon pool was estimated based on the biomass of standing dead wood and downed wood. Soil organic matter was analyzed using the loss on ignition method, in which soil samples are combusted at high temperature to determine organic content. The total carbon stock was estimated at 379.137 Mg C/ha, with living vegetation contributing 53.55%, soils 44.26%, and dead biomass 2.19%. The highest carbon stock was recorded in the utilization zone, followed by the core and fisheries zones. These findings highlight the substantial carbon storage potential of oceanic mangroves, emphasizing their relevance to Indonesia’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets and the importance of incorporating mixed-species restoration strategies to enhance ecosystem resilience and sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Novita Tri Artiningrum, Norma Afiati, Max Rudolf Muskananfola, Pujiono Wahyu Purnomo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GeoSpatial Identification of Artificial Groundwater Recharge Locations by Rainfall using Analytical Hierarchy Process in Samarkand City
The Samarkand city is located on the left bank of the Zarafshan River. However, the city experiences an acute crisis of water due to rapid socio-economic development and population growth, resulting in increasing water demand. A heavy reliance on groundwater was made to meet these water demands, leading to its overexploitation and resulting in a significant decline in groundwater levels, which requires urgent attention to explore potential mediums for replenishing the groundwater. The current study focuses on the potential rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge zones by analyzing the seven variables like geology, soil types, land use and land cover, slope, curvature, drainage density, and distance from lineaments. The potential artificial recharge locations for rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge are identified by employing the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) using a geographic information system (GIS). The highest scores (ranked good), indicate the most suitable locations for rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge, covering an area of about 10 km2 (18.9%). Recharge can be made during rainfall events, where relatively large volumes of water become available relatively quickly and accumulate at surface depressions. The runoff can be stored in groundwater by enhancing its infiltration through gravity injection wells. The weighted overlay method was implemented to identify potential rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge locations using seven parameters: geology, soil type, land use and land cover, slope, curvature, drainage density, and distance from lineaments.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohd Nazish Khan, S Mohd Wasi Haider Jafri, M Suhail, Dilawez Ali, Ganeiv Shahob, Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud, Fozil Zirayev https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identification of Potential Antioxidant and Antidiabetic α-Glucosidase Inhibitors from Pometia pinnata Through In Vitro, Metabolite Profiling, and Molecular Docking
Oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species is critical in the progressing of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thus, early intervention using plant-derived secondary metabolites with antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory (AGI) activities is essential for adequate glycemic control. Pometia pinnata has demonstrated antidiabetic potential, though scientific evidence remains limited. This study aimed to determine the in vitro antioxidant and AGI activities of P. pinnata extracts (fruit peel, root bark, and stem bark). Metabolites from selected stem bark extracts were identified via LC-HRMS and further validated through molecular docking. Sequential maceration using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water was employed to obtain extracts. Ethyl acetate extracts of stem and root bark showed significantly higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents with higher antioxidant activity than other solvent extracts. The stem bark extract yielded the highest compound content (2.74%) and AGI activity (62.78 ± 0.85% inhibition at 15 μg/mL), outperforming the standard drug acarbose (14.66% at the same dose). LC-HRMS profiling of the stem bark extract identified 26 metabolites, with cianidanol exhibiting the strongest binding affinity (ΔG°bind = –7.63 kcal/mol) in molecular docking, surpassing acarbose (–2.51 kcal/mol). These findings confirm the presence of bioactive compounds in P. pinnata that contribute to α-glucosidase inhibition and are correlated with antioxidant capacity.
Copyright (c) 2025 Husniati Husniati, Berna Elya, Muhammad Hanafi, Alfi Khatib, Winni Nur Auli, Nina Artanti, Anastasia Fitria Devi, Teni Ernawati, Rizqiya Astri Hapsari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physical Properties and Galactomannan Content of Kolang Kaling (Arenga pinnata Merr) Fruit Flour
Kolang kaling is a fruit that comes from the sugar palm tree (Arenga Pinnata Merr) which grows abundantly in Indonesia. Kolang kaling is known to have several compounds that are beneficial to humans, one of which is the galactomannan compound which functions as a weight loss, controls blood sugar levels, and improves digestive health. In this study, kolang kaling flour was dissolved in sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) solution and citric acid (C6H8O7) solution to analyze the surface structure, oil binding capacity (OHC), water binding capacity (WHC), swelling capacity (SP), polyphenol content and galactomannan levels. The results of the analysis are known that sugar palm flour has an OHC value of 130.72%, a WHC value of 599.46%, and a swelling power value of 938.45% in the reflux treatment. The results of the analysis also showed that sugar palm flour has a galactomannan content of 55.56% and has a polyphenol content that has antioxidant activity. The presence of such physical properties in sugar palm flour makes it potential to be used as a source of galactomannan to make modifications in the food sector.
Copyright (c) 2025 Suci Hardina Rahmawati, Murhadi Murhadi, Tanto Pratondo Utomo, Erdi Suroso https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Field Validation of Post-MDA LF Surveillance by using Molecular Xeno-monitoring: Preliminary Study in Belitung District, Indonesia
This study aimed to validate molecular xenomonitoring (MX) as a post-MDA surveillance tool for lymphatic filariasis in Belitung District, Indonesia. Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a mosquito-borne parasitic disease caused by filarial worms such as Brugia malayi, which remains a significant public health concern in tropical regions, including Indonesia. Belitung District, historically endemic for LF, implemented the Mass Drug Administration (MDA) from 2005 to 2010 as part of Indonesia's national eradication program. Despite achieving WHO certification as filariasis-free in 2017, sporadic LF cases persisted, prompting the need for effective post-MDA surveillance tools. MX, which detects parasite DNA in mosquitoes, has emerged as a complementary strategy to assess transmission risks and validate elimination efforts. This study conducted field validation of MX in two LF-endemic villages in Belitung District: Cerucuk and Lassar. Mosquitoes were collected using resting catches, human bait, and traps (CDC Light Trap and BG Sentinel Trap) across various habitats. Collected mosquitoes were pooled and tested for B. malayi DNA using conventional PCR. A total of 1,270 mosquitoes were collected, and 144 pools were analyzed for parasite DNA. No B. malayi DNA was detected in any of the 144 mosquito pools tested. The dominant mosquito species collected included Culex gelidus, Anopheles letifer, and Armigeres subalbatus in Cerucuk, and A. letifer, Culex vishnui, and Culex quinquefasciatus in Lassar. The absence of parasite DNA suggests that LF transmission may have been interrupted in these areas, likely due to the success of previous MDA campaigns. The findings indicate that MX is a valuable tool for post-MDA surveillance, particularly in areas with persistent ecological risks. While the results suggest interrupted transmission, continued surveillance is essential to confirm these findings and prevent resurgence. MX can complement existing methods, contributing to more effective LF elimination strategies in Indonesia and other endemic regions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tri Wahono, Mara Ipa, Triwibowo Ambar Garjito, Yuneu Yuliasih, Agung Puja Kesuma, Muhammad Fajri Rokhmad, Sunardi Sunardi, Hafiz Permana Putra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Activities of Nanoemulsion of Epipremnum pinnatum Leaf Extract in Alloxan-Induced Rats
Diabetes mellitus is a serious threat to human health worldwide. Alternative therapy sources derived natural ingredients promise therapeutic benefits, safety, and cost savings. Nanoemulsion technology has demonstrated that natural extracts have improved bioavailability and therapeutic effects. This study aimed to demonstrate the efficacy of a nanoemulsion of Epipremnum pinnatum leaf extract, which has antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects in alloxan-induced rats. The ideal nanoemulsion was formulated by testing four permutations of chitosan (0.1% or 0.2%; 18 mL), sodium tripolyphosphate (0.1% or 0.2%; 9 mL), combined with Epipremnum pinnatum extract (0.250 g) and Tween 80 (0.5%; 3 mL). The antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic tests were divided into five treatment groups: normal group, negative control group (2 mL NaCMC/200g BW), positive control group (10 mg/kgBW of glibenclamide), treatment I (250 mg/kgBW of extract), and treatment II (250 mg/kgBW of nanoemulsion extract). The treatment lasted for 14 days, and the data taken were blood sugar, malondialdehyde (MDA), total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and HDL levels. According to the results of Epipremnum pinnatum leaf extract nanoemulsion, the best nanoemulsion utilized in antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic tests was one with a particle size of 165.70 nm and a zeta potential of 22.0 mV. The nanoemulsion administered at a dose of 250 mg/kg BW was more effective than the extract, and the effects were identical to those of glibenclamide. The data indicate that E. pinnatum leaf extract nanoemulsion could be used as an antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic alternative treatment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fathnur Sani Kasmadi, Yuliawati Yuliawati, Havizur Rahman, Agung Giri Samudra, Muhaimin Muhaimin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Handling Space-Time Autocorrelation using Eigenvector Filtering-Varying Coefficient Model in Rainfall Modeling Based on CMIP6 Output and Local Characteristic Information
In the modern era, the possibility for large-scale data collection becomes better and easier through various methodologies. When data are collected with respect to both spatial and temporal dimensions, it is referred to as spatiotemporal data. Such datasets often exhibit autocorrelation arising from spatial proximity, temporal continuity, or the interaction of both dimensions, which is commonly called space-time autocorrelation. Rainfall measurements recorded at different locations and at different times are important due to their relevance in various fields. Due to its spatiotemporal nature, rainfall data often exhibit space-time autocorrelation. Empirical studies further show that rainfall patterns exhibit spatial and temporal variations, which contribute to heterogeneity across regions and times. Motivated by these challenges, this study aims to develop a modeling framework that integrates Eigenvector Space-Time Filtering (ESTF) based on the Varying Coefficient Model to address complex space-time autocorrelations in rainfall data, while integrating CMIP6 global climate projections with local characteristics to enhance the model's relevance to regional conditions. This study uses General Circulation Model (GCM) output from CMIP6-DCPP and incorporates local geographical and environmental features in the modeling process. The GCM output data is represented by 22 principal components to overcome multicollinearity. Furthermore, the varying coefficient components are used to explore the effect of spatial and temporal varying variables on rainfall. The modeling results show that the use of space-time dependency structure in the eigenvector filtering approach effectively reduces space-time autocorrelation. In addition, the performance of the model also improved compared to the OLS, ESF, and ESF-VC models. The final ESTF-VC model shows the best performance based on the RMSE (58.33), R2 (0.64), and AIC (22128.94) values. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the ESTF-VC model is able to handle space-time autocorrelation in rainfall modeling using GCM outputs and local characteristic information and improve estimation performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dani Al Mahkya, Anik Djuraidah, Aji Hamim Wigena, Bagus Sartono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Modeling of Platelet and Hematocrit in Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) Patients Using Semiparametric Bi-response Regression Approach Based on Local Polynomial Estimator for Longitudinal Data
Dengue hematrocit fever (DHF) is a health problem in Indonesia, which tends to cause an increase in the number of sufferers and is becoming more widespread. Semarang City is an endemic region in Indonesia. Platelet and hematocrit modeling are required to diagnose DHF. The independent variables in this model were hemoglobin (Hb) level and examination time, whereas platelets and hematocrit were the dependent variables. This study used secondary data obtained from the Roemani Hospital in Semarang, Indonesia. The study included 13 patients who met the criteria for Grade 2 DHF, and their blood samples were collected once daily for 6 days during their hospitalization to form longitudinal data. This study aimed to model hematocrit and platelet counts using semiparametric bi-response regression with local polynomial estimators. The GCV method was used to select the optimal combination of bandwidth and polynomial order. The results obtained for platelets were a polynomial order of 2 and a bandwidth of 0.1, while hematocrit was selected with a polynomial order of 1 and a bandwidth of 0.8. Platelet and hematocrit modeling using the semiparametric bi-response regression applied to the in-sample data resulted in a coefficient of determination (R²) of 90.12%. The model results can be used to predict platelets and hematocrit with high accuracy, yielding an MAPE of 4.84%. Based on the analysis results, the increase in Hb and hematocrit has a unidirectional relationship (both increase) and is in the opposite direction to the number of platelets, which usually decreases (thrombocytopenia). Platelet dynamics in patients with Grade 2 DHF who were hospitalized for 6 days showed that on the 3rd or 4th day, the patient experienced thrombocytopenia and an increase in hematocrit above normal, which is a sign of plasma leakage; therefore, it is necessary to be aware that this patient's condition requires more intensive care to stabilize platelets and hematocrit.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tiani Wahyu Utami, Nur Chamidah, Toha Saifudin, Budi Lestari, Norma Latif Fitriyani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Carbon Storage in Organic, Labile, and Mineral Forms across Irrigated Soils of the Beni Moussa Sub-Perimeter, Tadla Plain (Morocco)
The objective of this study was to evaluate how different soil types —Calcimagnesic , Fersialitic, Cambisol, Hydromorphic, and Isohumic— influence carbon stocks and key physico-chemical properties in semi-arid irrigated agroecosystems of the Beni Moussa perimeter, Morocco. A total of 85 soil samples (0–20 cm depth) were collected during the 2022–2023 dry season and analyzed for physico-chemical characteristics as well as different carbon fractions. Multiple statistical approaches, including analysis of variance (ANOVA), correlation analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA), were applied to assess variations among soil types and identify the main controlling factors. PCA explained 39.7% of the variance, separating carbonate-rich soils from organic-rich soils. ANOVA revealed significant effects of soil type on SOCS, LCS, and SICS, confirming the strong role of pedological differences in carbon dynamics. Isohumic soils, rich in organic matter, stored the highest SOC (≈11.7 kg C m⁻²) and LC (≈1.2 kg C m⁻²), while Calcimagnesic and Cambisol soils, with high carbonate content, exhibited elevated SICS (~5.2 kg C m⁻²). Our results demonstrate that soil type is a determining factor for carbon stocks and fractions. It is therefore essential to adapt agricultural practices to specific soil properties to maximize carbon sequestration potential and promote sustainable management in semi-arid irrigated regions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maria El Harram, Mohamed El Baghdadi, El Hassania El Hamzaoui, Khadija Elyamany, Jamila Zouhri, Atika Mouaddine https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Photoresist Thickness Variation-Aware Design of a Power-Efficient 4-Bit Arithmetic Logic Unit using PD-RBB and 2SMWO Technique
The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is a fundamental component for executing arithmetic and logical operations in digital systems. However, existing ALU designs often overlook variations in photoresist thickness during fabrication, leading to increased gate leakage and reduced reliability. This paper proposes a power-efficient 4-bit ALU design that is aware of photoresist thickness fluctuations, leveraging Pareto Distribution Reverse Body Biasing (PD-RBB) and Singer Spider Map Wasp Optimization (2SMWO). Fluctuation detection and mitigation are achieved through a Bernstein Polynomial Sigmoid Fuzzy Inference System (BPS-FIS), while leakage current and transistor failures are addressed using PD-RBB and Wishart Distribution-based Triple Modular Redundancy (Wd-TMR), respectively. To enhance reversibility and reduce power loss, the Golay Ternary Reversible Gate (GTRG) is integrated. Division complexity is managed via Sigmoid-based Correction Non-Restoring Division (SbC-NRD), and a Carry Look-Ahead Adder (CLAA) supports parallel processing. Experimental results demonstrate a 92% reduction in leakage current, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed approach in improving power efficiency and reliability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shylaja Veerabhadraiah, N Kannan, T Y Satheesha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Adsorption Study of Protein onto Gallic Acid Modified Fe3O4 Nanoparticles
In recent years, Fe3O4 nanoparticles have been widely developed as adsorbents for various applications. However, their hydrophobic surface limits their application in polar systems, necessitating surface modifications to enhance adsorption. In this study, gallic acid was employed to modify Fe3O4 nanoparticles, as its carboxyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups can provide sites for protein adsorption. The research aims to determine the optimal pH, adsorption capacity, isotherm models, and thermodynamic parameters for bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption, as a model protein, onto gallic acid-modified and unmodified Fe3O4 nanoparticles using batch experiments. The experiments varied pH (3.6–5.6), initial BSA concentrations (0.50–1.75 mg/L), and temperatures (30–50 °C). FTIR analysis confirmed successful modification through the presence of C=O stretching bonds, while BSA adsorption was indicated by the appearance of amide groups and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations. Maximum adsorption was achieved at pH 4.8, in the vicinity of BSA isoelectric point. The Langmuir isotherm model best described the adsorption process for all adsorbents. Thermodynamic analysis showed that BSA adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic with increased randomness, as evidenced by negative Gibbs free energy, along with positive enthalpy and entropy values. Surface modification with gallic acid enhanced BSA adsorption capacity to 68.49 mg/g compared to 34.84 mg/g for unmodified Fe3O4 at 50 °C.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hans Kristianto, Christ Joseph Carlo Wibowo Apoenx, Stephanie Hanafi, Susiana Prasetyo, Asaf K Sugih, Wibawa Hendra Saputera, Johnner P Sitompul https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antibacterial Activities of Silver Nanoparticles Prepared using Extract of Drymoglossum piloselloides
This study aims to synthesize and evaluate the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) produced from the ethanolic extract of Drymoglossum piloselloides, highlighting its unique phytochemical composition rich in flavonoids, phenolics, and steroids that are expected to enhance nanoparticle stability and antibacterial performance. The methodology employed includes the synthesis of AgNPs through the reduction of leaf extract, followed by comprehensive characterization using UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, TEM, and particle size analysis. The results indicate that AgNPs exhibit a spherical morphology with varying average sizes, with AgNPs 30 demonstrating the smallest size of 20.33 nm. The antibacterial activity of AgNPs was tested against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, producing inhibition zones up to 9.26 ± 1.02 mm against S. aureus. The proposed antibacterial mechanism involves the generation of reactive oxygen species and disruption of bacterial membranes, leading to oxidative stress and cell lysis. In conclusion, AgNPs synthesized from D. piloselloides show considerable potential as effective antibacterial agents, thereby opening opportunities for further applications in nanomedicine and infection control.
Copyright (c) 2025 Awalul Fatiqin, Rokiy Alfanaar, Sudarman Rahman, Yahya Febrianto, Shesanthi Citrariana, Mu’afa Purwa Arsana, Thathit Suprayogi, Yehezkiel Steven Kurniawan, Hanif Amrulloh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation and Comparison of Three Mixed-Effect Models for Household Food Insecurity Classification in West Java
Food insecurity is a complex and multidimensional issue that requires accurate predictions or classifications to design effective interventions. The availability of large and complex datasets has enabled the use of machine learning approaches. Moreover, because food insecurity data are often hierarchical/clustered, mixed effects modelling is well suited for capturing intergroup variation. This study compared three models: the generalized linear mixed model (GLMM), a parametric model that accounts for random effects but is limited to linear relationships; the generalized mixed effects tree (GMET), a flexible decision tree framework with random effects; and the generalized mixed effects random forest (GMERF), an ensemble of trees with random effects. The analysis used data from 25,890 households in West Java, Indonesia in 2021. Model evaluation showed that GMERF provided the best prediction results compared to the other models. This study concludes that integrating random forests with mixed-effects modelling offers a robust and effective approach for predicting household food insecurity. The primary predictors of food insecurity identified by the random forest in GMERF model were the age of the household head (years) and house size (m2).
Copyright (c) 2025 Herlin Fransiska, Agus Mohamad Soleh, Khairil Anwar Notodiputro, Erfiani Erfiani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biological and Photocatalytic Activities of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles Prepared from Seawater Bittern by Electrochemical Method
The present study aims to prepare magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles from seawater bittern using an electrochemical method to evaluate their application as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and photocatalytic agents. The synthesis of nanomaterial was performed at room temperature, employing graphite and nickel as anode and cathode, respectively, without any pH adjustment. Spectroscopic analysis determined that the optical band gap of MgO nanoparticles was 4.814 eV. The XRD patterns show hexagonal single cubic phase MgO matched with JCPDS Card No 78-0430. Electron microscopic analysis demonstrated the appearance of MgO nanoparticles in spherical morphology with 30–50 nm in particle size. Based on the maximum inhibition concentration (MIC), it was found that the MgO nanoparticles has good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Shigella dysenteriae bacteria (MIC values: 220−480 μg mL−1), and much stronger antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Candida albicans (MIC values: 62.5–115 μg mL−1). Methylene blue and rhodamine B dyes were degraded by MgO nanoparticles with strong photocatalytic activity when they were exposed to visible light and achieved 97% and 95% degradation, respectively. This study demonstrates that MgO nanoparticles can be effectively applied in industries like wastewater treatment and nanomedicine.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hanif Amrulloh, Chairul Ichsan, Wasinton Simanjuntak, Oman Zuas, Yehezkiel Steven Kurniawan, Claudia Maria Simonescu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Total Neoadjuvant Therapy vs Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: A Phase II Randomized Trial
Total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) is becoming increasingly popular as a systemic treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC), serving as an alternative to standard neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). This study compared TNT versus neoadjuvant CCRT in cases of LARC. This phase II randomized controlled study included 30 patients with LARC (stages T2N1-2, T3, T4), who were randomized into two groups. The TNT group (n=15) received a long-course CCRTH followed by 2 cycles of consolidation chemotherapy with XELOX before surgery. The CRT group (n=15) received a long course of CCRTH followed by surgery. The cumulative dose of radiation in the current chemoradiation therapy was 50.4 Gy. All patients underwent total mesorectal excision (TME). The primary outcome measures were pathologic complete response (pCR) rate and 3-year event-free survival (EFS). The two groups were compared using Pearson’s Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, t-test, or the Mann-Whitney test. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method, with group comparisons made using the log-rank test. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Five patients in the TNT Group had a pCR compared to none in the CRT group (p=0.042). Moreover, 8 of the remaining 10 patients showed downstaging. In the CRT group, downstaging was observed in 6 patients (40%). Lymph nodes were positive in 3 patients of the TNT group compared to 10 of the CRT group (p=0.010). At 3 years, the overall survival of the TNT group was 86.2% compared to 57% in the CRT group (p=0.034). The event-free survival was 73.3% and 26.7% in the TNT and CRT Groups, respectively (p=0.021). CCRTH toxicity profile was comparable in both groups, mainly in the form of diarrhea, bleeding per rectum, peripheral neuropathy, cystitis, and neutropenia. In patients with LARC, TNT incorporating consolidation chemotherapy after long-course CCRTH before TME is superior to chemoradiation alone. TNT is associated with a higher complete pathological response, reduced local and distant metastases, and enhanced overall and disease-free survival, with a comparable toxicity profile to CRT alone.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nasr Allahloubi, Lydia Faragallah Lamie Soliman, Hesham Abd-Elkader El-Hossieny, Abeer Ahmad Bahnassy, Ahmed Mostafa Mahmoud https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Modeling of Land Clearing and Reclamation for Mining Area of Nickel
Land clearing and reclamation in the mining process impact the environmental sustainability. Therefore, understanding the dynamics of land clearing and reclamation is very important. In applying the model to planning land clearing and reclamation of mining areas, there is a threshold for the area to be explored and reclaimed. The simulation process was carried out using data from PT. Manusela Prima Mining regarding the land clearing and reclamation plan for Nickel land in Maluku for 2022-2029. As a result, the logistic equation is suitable for land clearing and exploration planning. We analyze positivity and boundedness of the system. In addition, the study analyzed environmentally realistic equilibrium states by applying the eigenvalues criterion, which is mathematically proven to be locally asymptotically stable. The equilibrium region shows stability for various parameters, including scenarios with no action taken for reclamation and scenarios where two actions coexist in a sustainable manner. Numerical simulations reveal that fighting power significantly converts exploration efforts. This conversion leads to reclamation growth. Our research uses a modified logistic model. It also explores thresholds for environmental sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lazarus Kalvein Beay, Evelin Tuhumuri, Josephus Ronny Kelibulin, Arbi Haya, Firman Firman, Maryone Saija https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Improving Solar Cell Efficiency: A New Combination of Natural Dyes in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are an environmentally friendly and inexpensive photovoltaic technology that shows great promise. This study combines natural dyes that can absorb light in various wavelength regions, such as a combination of lavender and peony dyes; safflower and butterfly pea dyes, to improve the effectiveness of DSSCs. This combination is expected to expand the range of light absorption and improve solar cell performance. The dyes were extracted from various plants and tested using UV-vis spectroscopy. Results showed that the butterfly pea-safflower and lavender-peony combinations had efficiencies of 0.124% and 0.041%, respectively, while apple blossom was only 0.0064%. The combination of natural dyes showed a relative efficiency increase of 5.2% over the baseline cell. These findings indicate that the use of natural dyes has significant potential to increase DSSC performance and become a sustainable solution for renewable energy development. The use of NaCl as an electrolyte in this study represents a preliminary demonstration; therefore, the reported efficiency cannot be directly compared with that of conventional DSSCs employing iodide/triiodide or cobalt redox couples.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hardani Hardani, Rosnalia Widyan, Muhammad Iman Darmawan, Gunawan Gunawan, Kosim Kosim, Aria Apriansyah, Agus Supriyanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Anaerobic and Aerobic Exercise on Mitochondrial Function and Lipid Metabolism in Healthy Young Adults
The intricate interplay between physical exercise, mitochondrial function, and lipid metabolism has garnered considerable attention, particularly in the context of energy balance and overall metabolic health. Studies comparing which exercise has the most beneficial effects on mitochondrial activity and lipid metabolism are still scarce. This study aimed to investigate the effects of anaerobic and aerobic exercise on mitochondrial activity and biogenesis, as well as lipid metabolism, in healthy young adults. Eighteen subjects (young male adults) were randomly divided into two groups: anaerobic exercise group (n=9) and aerobic exercise group (n=9) for 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected before and after training and the whole blood was separated into leucocyte cells and plasma. Lysate from leucocyte cells was used for the measurement of mitochondrial function, including succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α (PGC-1α), and ATP levels. Blood plasma was used for the measurement of lipid metabolism, including HDL cholesterol, adiponectin, and free fatty acids levels. This study demonstrated that SDH activity increases significantly after aerobic exercise (122%) compared to before exercise, although it is not supported by the results of PGC-1a and ATP levels. This may be because these parameters are measured in the blood (leukocyte cells). Adiponectin levels increase significantly after anaerobic exercise (43.8%) while free fatty acid levels increase significantly after aerobic exercise (104%) compared to before exercise. The results of HDL cholesterol levels found a tendency to increase both after aerobic (12%) and anaerobic exercise (10%) compared to before exercise. We conclude that aerobic exercise gives the best impact on increasing mitochondrial activity systemically (significantly increasing SDH activity), supported by the significant increase in free fatty acid levels in the blood, which reflects that lipolysis is increased.
Copyright (c) 2026 Syarifah Dewi, Novi Silvia Hardiany, Ika Yustisia, Eddy Purnomo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrative Multi-Omics and Experimental Approaches Identify SRC as a Central Target of Garcinia atroviridis Flavonoids in Lung Cancer
Garcinia atroviridis (GA) is widely used in Southeast Asia, but its anticancer potential is less studied than that of other Garcinia species. This work aimed to investigate the flavonoid constituents of GA and their molecular mechanisms against lung cancer using an integrated systems pharmacology and experimental approach. Phytochemical profiling was performed by LC–HRMS, and flavonoid-associated targets were predicted using SwissTargetPrediction. Lung cancer–related genes were collected from GSE19188 and GeneCards, with overlapping targets identified through Venn analysis. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) analysis defined hub genes, while molecular docking and dynamics simulations assessed ligand–target interactions. Finally, cytotoxicity of the GA ethanolic extract was evaluated in A549, H460, and BEAS-2B cells after 72 h treatment. Our investigation revealed the presence of 5 major flavonoids, including icariin. Network analysis revealed 142 overlapping targets, with SRC, HSP90AA1, CTNNB1, PIK3R1, and AKT1 emerging as hubs. Docking showed strong binding affinities, particularly between quercetin-3β-D-glucoside and SRC, which was confirmed by stable molecular dynamics simulations. In vitro, GA extract reduced the viability of A549 and H460 cells with lower IC₅₀ values than in BEAS-2B. GA exerts selective anticancer effects against lung cancer primarily through targeting SRC, with supportive modulation of HSP90AA1, CTNNB1, PIK3R1, and AKT1. These findings position SRC as the key mechanistic anchor and highlight GA as a promising source for multi-targeted cancer therapy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Iksen Iksen, Fani Nuryana Manihuruk, Hariyadi Dharmawan Syahputra, Mazmuranda Saragih, Ivan Eben Ezer Manurung, Ruth Sari Uni Peranginangin, Dea Febrince Putri Saragih, Helen Anjelina Simanjuntak, Kasta Gurning https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0