Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science
Attention! We see an attempt to mimic the journal in https[:]//journal[.]pandawainstitutes[.]com/index[.]php/jmans It is a fake, predatory website. Do not register and do not do any other actions in it. We consider such an attempt as a good appreciation of our efforts to keep a high scientific level and quality of our journal. Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science (abbreviated as J. Multidiscip. Appl. Nat. Sci.) is a double-blind peer-reviewed journal for multidisciplinary research activity on natural sciences and their application to daily life. This journal aims to provide a means for sustained discussion of relevant issues that fall within the focus and scopes of the journal which can be examined empirically in the following fields: 1) biological and environmental sciences 2) chemical and material sciences 3) physical science and 4) mathematical science. The J. Multidiscip. Appl. Nat. Sci. is an open-access journal containing original research articles, review articles, and short communications in the areas related to applied natural science. The J. Multidiscip. Appl. Nat. Sci. publishes 3 issues in a year on January (first issue), May (second issue), and September (third issue). This journal has adopted a double-blind reviewing policy whereby both the referees and author(s) remain anonymous throughout the process. View full Focus and Scope This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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Spatial Clustering with Autocorrelation-Based Weighting for Regional Socio-Economic Pattern Analysis: A Case Study of East Java
Clustering, an unsupervised machine learning technique, categorizes objects into groups based on shared characteristics. When applied to spatial data, the assumption of independence is often violated due to similarities among adjacent regions—a phenomenon known as spatial autocorrelation. To address this, spatial clustering incorporates both non-spatial attributes (e.g., socio-economic indicators) and spatial attributes (e.g., geographic location), with spatial attributes weighted based on their influence in defining clusters. In regional economic development, creating clusters that are both spatially coherent and socio-economically homogeneous is critical for effective policy design. Strong interactions among neighboring regions can promote more integrated and balanced growth. This study proposes a spatial clustering framework that optimizes spatial attribute weighting according to the degree of spatial autocorrelation. A simulation study using 2023 data from East Java’s 38 regencies/municipalities determines optimal weights under varying spatial dependence levels. The results show that optimal spatial weights increase with the number of clusters and vary according to the strength of spatial autocorrelation. Applied to East Java, the method produced clusters with higher socio-economic homogeneity than official zones, though with reduced spatial contiguity. These findings highlight the importance of adaptive, autocorrelation-aware clustering to improve regional planning and support more evidence-based development strategies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahma Fitriani, Eni Sumarminingsih, Luthfatul Amaliana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Multi-Objective Optimization of Solvent-Free Microwave Extraction vs. Microwave Hydrodiffusion and Gravity for Amomum compactum Essential Oil
Amomum compactum essential oil, rich in 1,8-cineole (55–70%), is valued for its therapeutic and aromatic properties but suffers from low yield and thermal degradation in conventional extraction. This study compares and optimizes two green, solvent-free microwave-assisted methods—solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) and microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity (MHG)—using Box–Behnken Design (BBD) under response surface methodology (RSM). Process variables included feed-to-distiller (F/D) ratio (0.10–0.20 g/mL), microwave power (150–450 W), and extraction time (60–90 min). SFME achieved the highest yield (5.25%) at 300 W, 0.15 g/mL, and 75 min, whereas MHG yielded 2.50% at 150 W, 0.10 g/mL, and 90 min, with superior 1,8-cineole recovery (59.65%) and linalool content (1.98%). Both methods reduced extraction time by 85–95% and energy use by over 90% compared with hydrodistillation, consuming only 0.004–0.006 kWh/g. SEM results confirmed extensive gland rupture (80–90%) and structural breakdown supporting enhanced mass transfer. These findings highlight SFME and MHG as sustainable, energy-efficient innovations aligning with SDGs 9, 12, and 13, advancing the circular bioeconomy and scalable green production of Amomum compactum essential oil.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yeni Variyana, Aulia Nabila Rahma, Mahfud Mahfud https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Stomata Characterization of Native Dendrobium in Liwa Botanical Garden
Dendrobium is one of the most commonly collected native orchid genera at the Liwa Botanical Garden, Lampung, Indonesia. In its conservation efforts, the identification of native orchid species through anatomical characterization is essential. The aim of this research is to identify the native Dendrobium species collection at the Liwa Botanical Garden based on stomatal anatomical characteristics and to confirm these results with previous morphological and molecular characterization. The research steps involved the collection of leaves from 19 Dendrobium accessions at the Liwa Botanical Garden, while the anatomical characterization was conducted by preparing paradermal sections to microscopically observe the stomata. The main anatomical characteristics observed included stomatal aperture width, stomatal length, stomatal width, number of stomata, stomatal density, and stomatal index. The results of the study show that, overall, the stomatal aperture width is 2.88 μm, stomatal length is 12.38 μm, stomatal width is 12.58 μm, stomatal density is 29 stomata/mm², and stomatal index is 0.061%. Phenetic analysis based on the dendrogram divided the different native Dendrobium samples into two clusters (A and B) with similarity indices of 1.60 and 0.90, and PCA values (0.170 and 0.044) were found to be greater than 0.02, indicating the contribution of each group. The PCA value of 0.170 reflects the influence of stomatal area, whereas 0.044 reflects the influence of stomatal aperture width, stomatal index, and stomatal density. The anatomical characterization results show a correlation with the identification outcomes based on morphological and molecular characteristics. Furthermore, these findings can serve as a recommendation for the identification of native orchid species and provide a basis for the conservation efforts of native Dendrobium at the Liwa Botanical Garden, Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sri Wahyuningsih, Mahfut Mahfut, Lulu Anbiya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Bacteria from Diabetic Ulcers: Insights into Resistance and Biofilm Formation
Diabetic ulcers are prone to colonization by multidrug-resistant bacteria, complicating treatment and recovery. Therefore, understanding the microbial profile and resistance mechanisms is essential for effective clinical management. This study isolated and characterized bacteria from diabetic ulcer patients in West Java, Indonesia. Identification was performed using the selective differential medium test and 16S rRNA sequencing. Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed via the disc diffusion method, and biofilm formation was evaluated using crystal violet staining. PCR amplification targeted blaTEM and sul1 resistance genes. A total of 15 bacterial isolates were identified, predominantly Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Six isolates exhibited a multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index >0.4 and demonstrated biofilm-forming capacity. The PCR result confirmed the presence of blaTEM and sul1 genes in three isolates. The findings highlight the prevalence of multidrug-resistant, biofilm-forming bacteria in diabetic ulcers, underscoring the need for targeted antimicrobial strategies and resistance monitoring.
Copyright (c) 2026 Andi Ernawati, Iman Rusmana, Aris Tri Wahyudi, Sri Murtini, Sri Budiarti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Caesalpinia bonduc (L) Roxb Seed Extract Dosage and Sex Effects on Pathobiological Changes in A Rat Model of Diabetes Mellitus
Caesalpinia bonduc (L) Roxb is a medicinal plant commonly utilized in traditional Indonesian medicine, particularly for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM). This study examined the effects of varying doses C. bonduc extract on fasting blood sugar (FBS), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and pancreatic histology in male and female wistar rats with diabetes. The study design included six groups of 18 male and female rats (Wistar strain) each. To develop diabetes, nicotinamide (NA) (110 mg/kg) and streptozotocin (STZ) (45 mg/kg) were supplied, followed by oral administration of C. bonduc extract at dosages of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg for 21 days. We utilized ELISA to analyze biochemical parameters and employed H&E staining to evaluate histological changes. A factorial design was employed for the statistical analysis to examine the effects of both dosage and sex. This study offers a unique comparative examination of the antidiabetic efficacy of C. bonduc across genders, a dimension seldom explored in experimental diabetes research. The findings indicated that C. bonduc markedly reduced levels of FBS, MDA, TNF-α, and TGF-β (p < 0.05) enhanced the structural integrity of the pancreas. There were no significant differences between males and female (p > 0.05). The dosage and sex influenced MDA and TGF-β. The extract of C. bonduc shown the ability to lower blood sugar, fight free radicals, and reduce inflammation; however, the intensity of these benefits depended on the dosage given. This means that it might assist persons with diabetes minimize oxidative stress and damage to the pancreas.
Copyright (c) 2026 Densi Selpia Sopianti, Muchsin Doewes, Tatar Sumandjar, Eti Poncorini Pamungkasari, Paramasari Dirgahayu, Ratih Puspita Febrinasari, Ida Nurwati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Using the Weight of Evidence Model: A Case Study on A Tropical Volcanic Region
Landslides are one of the major hazards in volcanic areas, causing loss of life, property damage, and degradation of the environment. The western slopes of Mount Lawu, a stratovolcano in Central Java Province, Indonesia, are especially prone to landslides because of steep topography and increasing human activities. The rapid population growth and land use changes, driven by tourism and agricultural expansion, have increased the vulnerability of the area. This study examines the performance of the weight of evidence (WoE) method in mapping landslide susceptibility over the western slopes of Mount Lawu, with a focus on the interaction between environmental factors and land use. The parameters considered in this research include slope, lithology, distance from lineaments, roads, and rivers, rainfall, and land use. The spatial datasets used included a digital elevation model (DEM) at a scale of 1:16,000, as well as slope, river, lineament, and land-use data at a scale of 1:25,000, and lithology data at a scale of 1:50,000. All of these datasets were processed and analyzed using ArcGIS Pro. The WoE analysis resulted in the landslide susceptibility map, which divided susceptibility into four classes: high, moderate, low, and very low. The model achieved an accuracy of 0.81, demonstrating strong predictive capability. The landslide susceptibility map showed high-risk zones along steep slopes, near rivers, and close to roads, particularly in northern Ngargoyoso and western-southern Tawangmangu Districts. These results highlight the utility of the WoE method for developing the landslide susceptibility map with good accuracy. A landslide susceptibility map can be used to evaluate existing land use and to create spatial planning-based landslide disaster risk reduction.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dimas Hastama Nugraha, Wahyu Wilopo, Teuku Faisal Fathani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Mathematical Compartmental Model for Deradicalization in Indonesia: The SERTV Framework
Radicalism remains a critical threat to Indonesia's national security and social cohesion, necessitating urgent efforts to understand and mitigate its spread. This study develops a mathematical model to describe the dynamics of radicalization and deradicalization in Indonesia, using a compartmental structure that divides the population into susceptible, extremist, recruiter, treated, and vaccinated groups. The model incorporates a saturated incidence rate to capture the nonlinear effects of radical interactions. Numerical simulations are carried out using the fifth-order Runge–Kutta method to illustrate the transitions between population groups. The results indicate a significant decline in extremist and recruiter populations, while vaccination against radical ideas contributes to long-term resilience. Sensitivity analysis shows that the radicalization rate and recruitment effectiveness are the most influential parameters driving the spread of radicalism. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of radicalization and serve as a foundation for designing evidence-based preventive strategies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmad Hanif Asyhar, Fatmawati Fatmawati, Windarto Windarto, Faishal Farel Herdicho, Afeez Abidemi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis of Chitosan-based Materials with Ester-benzoate Modification and Its Application as An Antimicrobial Agent
Microbial infections pose serious threats to human health, emphasizing the need to develop effective antimicrobial materials. This study aims to synthesize, characterize, and evaluate the antimicrobial properties of ester vanillin-benzoate (1) and its chitosan-based composite material (2). Furthermore, the synthesized compound was tested for antibacterial and antifungal activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans using the Kirby-Bauer diffusion method. The synthesized compounds were effective against S. aureus and B. subtilis but had minimal action against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and C. albicans. The formation of the Schiff-base composite could increase its antibacterial activity, indicating a synergistic effect arising from the combination of compound 1 and chitosan.
Copyright (c) 2026 Devi Ratnawati, Risky Hadi Wibowo, Vicka Andini, Evi Maryanti, Yehezkiel Steven Kurniawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic Degradation of Amoxicillin using TiO2-Cu/N with Copper Sourced from Electroplating Wastewater
The growing prevalence of pharmaceutical contaminants, particularly amoxicillin (AMX), in aquatic environments poses serious threats to both ecosystems and public health. Addressing this issue requires the development of efficient photocatalysts capable of degrading such pollutants under visible-light irradiation. This study explores the enhanced photocatalytic degradation of AMX under visible light using copper and nitrogen co-doped titanium dioxide (TiO₂-Cu/N) synthesized utilizing copper recovered from electroplating wastewater. Comprehensive characterization through XRD, UV-Visible DRS, and TEM demonstrated that a Cu doping level of 0.60%, combined with 30% nitrogen co-doping and calcination at 500 °C, resulted in the most significant enhancement in photocatalytic activity under visible-light irradiation, attributed to the most effective bandgap narrowing. Notably, the TiO₂-Cu/N photocatalyst with optimized composition exhibited superior physicochemical properties and photocatalytic performance compared to its singly doped counterparts. The optimal condition of the AMX degradation was achieved using 100 mg of TiO₂-Cu/N to treat 100 mL of a 20 mg/L AMX solution at pH 6 under 2 h of visible-light irradiation, which was 90%. Furthermore, the Cu dopant in the TiO₂-Cu/N matrix remained stable during the photocatalytic process, as evidenced by the sustained activity even after three consecutive cycles. Additionally, the use of radical scavengers confirmed that hydroxyl radicals (•OH) were the predominant reactive species responsible for the degradation of amoxicillin. These findings highlight the promising potential of utilizing industrial wastewater as a dopant source for the sustainable development of high-performance photocatalysts in water treatment applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kusuma Putri Suwondo, Endang Tri Wahyuni, Nurul Hidayat Aprilita, Nur Farhana Jafaar, Early Zahwa Alharissa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing the Magnetic Shielding Effectiveness of Low Carbon Steel, Permalloy, and Mu-metal on Small Satellite Reaction Wheel Assemblies using Finite Element Analysis
Magnetic cleanliness is essential for small satellites carrying sensitive payloads such as magnetometers and particle detectors. Reaction wheel assemblies (RWAs) represent a primary source of stray magnetic fields, requiring effective shielding under strict mass and volume constraints. This study uses three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEM) in ANSYS Maxwell to evaluate the shielding effectiveness (SE) of high-permeability alloys (Mu-metal and Permalloy 80) and low-carbon steels (AISI 1008/1010) at thicknesses of 1–3 mm, with aluminum 6061-T6 as a non-magnetic baseline, within a cylindrical RWA enclosure geometry. Results reveal a critical design trade-off: High-permeability alloys provide superior attenuation (>65 dB at 100 mm; residual field <150 nT) and high mass efficiency (>700 dB/kg) but saturate at low flux density (0.8 T) and are costly. Low-carbon steels offer moderate SE (34–40 dB) with far higher saturation tolerance (2.2 T), structural robustness, and lower cost. Thickness scaling shows diminishing returns beyond 2 mm for high-permeability materials, whereas steels improve more linearly. Rather than proposing a new shielding concept, this study applies an integrated FEM-based evaluation approach for small satellite platforms to consistently assess shielding effectiveness, nonlinear saturation behavior, thickness scaling, and mass efficiency of candidate materials within a reaction-wheel-representative geometry under identical boundary conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hogan Eighfansyah Susilo, Poki Agung Budiantoro, Ery Fitrianingsih, Hasan Mayditia, Eriko Nasemudin Nasser, Adi Farmasiantoro, Ahmad Fauzi, Widodo Slamet, Andi Mukhtar Tahir, Nindhita Pratiwi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainable Innovations in Mineral Fertilizer Production: Progress and Challenges
This study provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements in the production of nitrogen, potash, and phosphorus fertilizers, focusing on innovations that enhance both efficiency and environmental sustainability. Key technological breakthroughs discussed include low-energy ammonia synthesis through electrochemical and plasma-assisted processes, phosphate recovery from municipal and industrial wastewater, and the use of potassium-bearing industrial by-products such as mica, feldspar, and fly ash. The review highlights the development of green synthesis methods that minimize the environmental footprint and offer cost-effective routes to utilize secondary raw materials. Special attention is paid to the integration of circular economy principles and zero-waste approaches in fertilizer production, including the transformation of phosphogypsum and sludge into valuable fertilizer components. Moreover, the potential application of nanotechnology for nutrient delivery optimization and precision farming techniques for improving fertilizer use efficiency are critically examined. This paper provides a detailed overview of current trends and future perspectives in sustainable mineral fertilizer production. By emphasizing innovative strategies and emerging technologies, the article underlines the importance of environmentally responsible approaches to support global food security while preserving ecological balance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Perizat Abdurazova, Saltanat Yegemberdiyeva, Ulzhalgas Nazarbek, Yerkebulan Raiymbekov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Topography and Soil Indices Predict Environmental Burkholderia pseudomallei in Paddy Fields using Interpretable Machine Learning
To understand the environmental distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei, it is essential to study the causative agent of melioidosis for effective public health risk assessment. This study integrates geostatistical analysis and machine learning to predict the spatial distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei in paddy soils of northeastern Thailand. A total of 92 soil samples were collected and analysed using culture-based methods. Environmental covariates were derived from remote sensing and topographic data, including land surface temperature, normalised difference salinity index, bare soil index, digital elevation model, distance to water, slope, aspect, and soil drainage. Indicator kriging was used to generate a spatial probability map of Burkholderia pseudomallei presence. An extreme gradient boosting machine learning model was applied to predict bacterial presence. Of the 92 soil samples analysed, 40.22% tested positive for Burkholderia pseudomallei. Indicator kriging demonstrated clustered distributions primarily in low-lying, poorly drained areas. The extreme gradient boosting model achieved an F1-score of 0.70 on the testing dataset. Shapley additive explanations analysis highlighted the digital elevation model, bare soil index, and slope as the most influential predictors. The resulting risk maps provide valuable tools for identifying high-risk areas, supporting targeted surveillance and public health interventions in melioidosis-endemic regions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wacharapong Saengnill, Jutharat Jittimanee, Suwaporn Dandee, Jaruwan Wongbutdee, Pongthep Thongsang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Genetic Diversity and Multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum Infection in Southeast Asia: New Insights from a Systematic Review
Plasmodium falciparum caused four million new malaria cases in Southeast Asia in 2023, with heterogeneous transmission patterns and the development of artemisinin resistance. The merozoite surface protein genes (msp-1 and msp-2) serve as genetic markers for analyzing the parasite population structure and multiplicity of infection (MOI). However, a comprehensive synthesis of regional data is limited. This study aimed to determine the genetic diversity and MOI of P. falciparum in Southeast Asia. This systematic review was guided by PRISMA guidelines with searches in the Scopus, PubMed, ProQuest, and Google Scholar databases (2014–2024). The inclusion criterion was observational studies, analyzing the genetic diversity of P. falciparum via msp-1 and msp-2 markers in Southeast Asia. The extracted data included the frequency of msp-1 and msp-2 family alleles, the prevalence of polyclonal infections, and the mean MOI value. Quality assessment was performed via the joanna briggs institute critical appraisal tools with narrative synthesis following the synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) guidelines. Fifteen studies; Indonesia (40%), Thailand (26.67%), Myanmar (20%), Vietnam and Malaysia (6.66%) with 1,830 samples successfully genotyped from 2,130 collected samples. The MAD20 (msp-1) allele dominated most locations, with frequencies of up to 100% in Lampung. The distribution of msp-2 alleles showed geographical variation, with FC27 dominating in Papua (96.2%) and 3D7/IC in Vietnam (97.0%). The prevalence of polyclonal infection ranged from 0-84.6%, with MOI values ranging from 1.0-2.93. The hyperendemic areas presented high MOIs (>2.0), whereas the hypoendemic areas presented MOIs close to 1.0, confirming a positive correlation with malaria transmission intensity. The P. falciparum population in Southeast Asia shows high genetic diversity, with geographically variable allele distribution patterns, and MOI values are correlated with malaria endemicity levels. These findings support the need for regional molecular surveillance and a polyvalent approach to the development of msp-based vaccines.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rengganis Praswitasari, Dominicus Husada, Nur Aini Hasan, I Made Dwi Mertha Adnyana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Forging of Dispersed Nano-Emulsion for Potential Feed Additive from Black Soldier Fly Essential Oil by Ultrasonication and Its Biological Efficacy
Encapsulation technology was developed to address the issues of limited bioavailability and instability associated with black soldier fly oil (BSFO). This research synthesized a nano-emulsion of BSFO utilizing the ultrasonication method, while varying the sources of antioxidants (black seed oil (BSO) and curcumin) and emulsifiers (polyethylene glycol (PEG), whey protein isolate, and Tween 80). The FTIR analysis revealed that the nanoemulsion samples displayed peaks at 3500–3000 cm-1 (O–H stretching), 2900–2700 cm-1 (N–H stretching), and 1700–1500 cm-1 (C=O stretching), suggesting the presence of BSFO, curcumin, BSO, and the characteristics of the emulsifiers. Particle size analysis (PSA) indicated that the emulsion had an average particle size (Z-average) of approximately 229–686 nm. The nan’oemulsion containing PEG showed reduced particle sizes of 218 and 229 nm compared to those with other emulsifiers, attributable to the inherently smaller size of PEG. The HB (BSO with PEG emulsifier) showed a reduced particle size due to the smaller molecular size of the antioxidant BSO compared to curcumin. The polydispersity index (PI) values for HB and CB (curcumin with PEG emulsifier) were 0.3 and 0.2, respectively, indicating relatively homogeneous particles, consistent with the criterion of a PI value below 0.4. Biological assays showed that CB had the highest DPPH inhibition at 83%, while curcumin exhibited 90%, exceeding that of BSO. The inhibition zones of HB are 2.45 cm for Staphylococcus aureus and 2.70 cm for Escherichia coli, representing the highest levels of inhibition. In this study, PEG is the best emulsifier for achieving a smaller nanoemulsion particle size. PEG facilitates the incorporation of BSFO with antioxidants, enhancing stability, efficacy, and bioavailability in various applications, particularly in the medical and food sectors.
Copyright (c) 2026 Novia Amalia Sholeha, Tekad Urip Pambudi Sujarnoko, Lilis Khotijah, Dewi Apri Astuti, Muhamad Baihaqi, Kokom Komalasari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainable Repurposing of Coffee By-Products: A Systematic Review of Bioactive Potential and Safety Risks
This systematic review (2020–2025) synthesizes evidence from recently peer-reviewed studies to evaluate the sustainable repurposing of coffee by-products. The analysis addresses four research questions (RQs) focused on chemical composition, application, safety, and sustainability. Quantitative results for RQ1 (bioactive composition) confirm that 100% of the studies identify high phytochemical density, notably chlorogenic acids, caffeine, and melanoidins. Specific benchmarks include caffeine levels up to around 31 mg/g in silverskin and a 6–10% lipid fraction in spent coffee grounds (SCG). For RQ2 (the application of the by-product) the evidence primarily concentrates on bakery products (bread, biscuits, gluten-free formulations) and beverages (teas, kombucha, soft drinks), followed by dermato-cosmetic formulations like creams and exfoliants. Critically, RQ3 (safety issues) reveals a significant evidence gap; while 10 hazard categories including mycotoxins and acrylamide were identified, standardized toxicological data remains fragmented. Similarly, RQ4 (sustainability aspect) remains conceptually strong but empirically weak, with only less than15% of studies providing quantitative indicators such as life cycle assessment (LCA) metrics. Despite qualitative support for circular economy integration, the lack of standardized safety protocols and human clinical trials limits regulatory approval. This manuscript integrates compositional value, real-world functionality, regulatory-relevant safety (including microbiology), and decision-useful sustainability into a single PRISMA-guided evidence map, making it a translational assessment rather than a descriptive inventory.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fawzan Sigma Aurum, Nendyo Adhi Wibowo, Eko Heri Purwanto, Yeyen Prestyaning Wanita, Erliana Novitasari, Aldicky Faizal Amri, Yulianti Yulianti, Mirwan Ardiansyah Karim, Putri Wulandari Zainal, Danar Praseptiangga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Variable Selection in Kernel Ridge Regression based on Sparrow Search Algorithm with Application QSAR Modeling
Variable selection plays a critical role in enhancing the predictive accuracy, interpretability, and computational efficiency of kernel ridge regression (KRR) models, especially when applied to high-dimensional datasets such as those used in quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling. This study investigates improved binary sparrow bird search algorithm (BSSA) variants incorporating different transfer functions for variable selection in KRR. The performance of these variants was extensively evaluated on seven benchmark biopharmaceutical datasets with thousands of molecular descriptors, comparing their prediction accuracy, variable subset compactness, and computational cost against baseline KRR without variable selection. Results demonstrate that all BSSA variants significantly outperform KRR in terms of mean squared error (MSE) and coefficient of determination. The quadratic-BSSA (Q-BSSA) variant consistently achieved the best predictive performance, reducing MSE by up to 30% and increasing the coefficient of determination to values above 0.95 on several datasets while selecting the fewest variables, reflecting effective and parsimonious variable selection. Furthermore, BSSA variants substantially decreased the computational time required for model training compared to KRR, with Q-BSSA exhibiting the lowest runtime across datasets. Statistical validation using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test confirmed that all BSSA variants provided statistically significant improvements over KRR. The findings highlight the efficacy of sophisticated binary metaheuristic algorithms for variable selection in kernel-based models, underscoring their potential in computational chemistry and related domains where high-dimensionality and nonlinear interactions complicate predictive modeling.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zainab Modhfer Ali Al-Shabaki, Zakariya Yahya Algamal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Three Decades of Sunda Pangolin (Manis javanica) Conservation Research: Mapping Indonesia’s Role in the Global Engagement Trends
Limited scientific attention to the Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica) persists despite being among the most trafficked mammals globally and a key species distributed across Indonesia. This study examines Indonesia’s contribution to global Sunda pangolin research and identifies priority directions to strengthen evidence-based conservation. A combined bibliometric–content analysis approach was applied to 4,474 publications recorded between 1993–2023, from which 130 articles met the topic-specific criteria, and 37 were directly related to Sunda pangolin conservation in Indonesia. Results show that Indonesia contributed only 37 documents (0.83%) to the global pangolin research landscape, with 12 thematic categories dominated by trade and crime studies, while ecological and policy-oriented research remained critically underrepresented. Research on Sunda pangolins was also largely driven by international authors from non-habitat countries, indicating a lack of local leadership and collaboration gaps. These findings highlight a strategic need to increase locally led and multidisciplinary research, expand Indonesia’s role as a key habitat country, and establish collaborative research agendas that align ecological knowledge, conservation policy, and wildlife crime mitigation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Novriyanti Novriyanti, Burhanuddin Masy’ud, Rinekso Soekmadi, Damayanti Buchori https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hoof pathologies are among the most widespread orthopedic disorders in dairy cattle and are a major contributor to reduced animal welfare and productivity. The present study investigated the prevalence, clinical presentation, and treatment outcomes of the most common hoof lesions – digital dermatitis (Mortellaro’s disease), Rusterholz ulcers, purulent pododermatitis, and interdigital dermatitis – across multiple dairy farms in Ukraine. Clinical examinations and therapeutic procedures were performed on more than 9,800 cows from 7 farms during 2022–2023. Diagnosis was conducted during scheduled functional hoof trimming using an orthopedic crush and was confirmed based on lesion morphology, presence of exudate, odor, and pain response. A locally formulated topical powder composed of copper sulfate, zinc oxide, iodoform, and potassium permanganate was applied to purulent–necrotic lesions and compared with a control treatment using a commercial chemi-spray. Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated by lesion healing dynamics and locomotion scores (AHDB system) on days 3, 14, 21, and 45. Digital dermatitis was identified as the predominant lesion, accounting for 50–66% of all diagnosed hoof disorders. The locally formulated powder showed markedly superior therapeutic performance relative to the chemi-spray, accelerating tissue repair and improving locomotion, with full recovery achieved in 86.7–100% of treated cows, depending on farm and lesion type. These findings confirm the persistently high prevalence of hoof diseases in dairy herds and demonstrate the clinical advantage of an affordable, locally prepared treatment formulation. Routine functional trimming, early lesion detection, and evidence-based local therapy remain critical components of effective lameness management in modern dairy production systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Serhii Kulynych, Anastasia Klymas, Olexandra Shabalin, Tamila Zvenihorodska, Maxym Petrenko, Ihor Kolomak, Oleksandra Tul, Victor Slinko, Natalia Avramenko, Tetiana Panasova, Hanna Omelchenko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Discovery of New Antibacterial Peptide from Trypsin Hydrolysate of Monocled Cobra (Naja kaouthia) Venom Protein using C18 SPE Column and LC-HRMS
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), as new antibiotic candidates, have the potential to treat infectious diseases. Peptides from N. kaouthia venom proteins can be used to produce AMP. The aim of this study was to identify the antibacterial potential of peptides derived from N. kaouthia venom protein purified by a reverse-phase solid-phase extraction column (SPE C18). N. kaouthia venom protein was isolated using Amicon® Ultra-15 with a 3000 Da centrifugal filter and then hydrolyzed using trypsin. The hydrolyzate was fractionated using reverse-phase (SPE C18), and the resulting fraction was tested for its antibacterial activity against S. aureus (Gram-positive) and E. coli (Gram-negative) bacteria. The most active fraction as an antibacterial was analyzed by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). The results showed that the 50% methanol fraction was active against E. coli bacteria, and the 100% methanol fraction was active against S. aureus. There are seven peptides identified, namely TVPVKR, TTMMNMLK, WWSDHR, SSLLVK, NSLLVK, LIPIASK, and GALMLK, which are responsible for the activity of the 50% methanol fraction. Meanwhile, there are two peptides, namely SSLLVK and NSLLVK, responsible for the activity of the 100% methanol fraction. LIPIASK and GALMLK peptides are predicted to show better potential as antimicrobial peptides.
Copyright (c) 2026 Garnies Putri Erlista, Slamet Raharjo, Tri Joko Raharjo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Furosemide Increases GABAA Receptor Activity via Antagonism to Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Cotransporter 1 In Silico and In Vivo
GABAA receptor dysfunction and altered chloride homeostasis significantly contribute to seizure pathophysiology, with the sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) playing a crucial role in regulating neuronal excitability. This study investigated furosemide's capacity to enhance GABAA receptor activity through NKCC1 antagonism and evaluated its therapeutic profile in combination with diazepam for seizure management. Comprehensive molecular docking analyses were conducted to assess binding affinities of furosemide and diazepam to NKCC1, followed by in vivo experiments using pentylenetetrazol-induced seizure models to evaluate GABAA receptor expression, seizure duration, and multiple pathophysiological biomarkers. Molecular analysis revealed that furosemide demonstrated measurable NKCC1 binding capacity (binding energy: -7.09 kcal/mol; Ki: 6.34 µM), though significantly lower affinity compared to diazepam (binding energy: -7.83 kcal/mol; Ki: 1.81 µM). The furosemide-diazepam combination exhibited complex competitive binding interactions, with furosemide substantially reducing diazepam's NKCC1 binding affinity. NKCC1 antagonism by furosemide effectively enhanced GABAA receptor expression by 29.8 ± 1.60% when used alone and 37.60 ± 2.0% in combination with diazepam. However, combination therapies resulted in significantly longer seizure durations (80 ± 3.0 s) compared to diazepam monotherapy (42.5 ± 2.10 s), suggesting antagonistic interactions on acute seizure suppression that may reflect altered chloride gradients or competitive pharmacokinetic effects. Despite reduced efficacy in seizure termination, combination therapy demonstrated selective advantages in other pathophysiological domains, including superior blood-brain barrier protection (reduced albumin level to 90.90 ± 2.70 µg/mL) and reduced excitotoxic damage. These findings indicate that furosemide-diazepam combination therapy presents a complex therapeutic profile characterized by trade-offs between acute seizure control and neuroprotective mechanisms. The data suggest potential utility in maintenance therapy or prevention of seizure-related complications rather than acute seizure termination, warranting further investigation into temporal optimization strategies and dose modifications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Marsintauli Hasudungan Siregar, Nurdiana Nurdiana, Farhad Bal’afif, Susanthy Djajalaksana, Arif Setiawansyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Subsurface Identification Using Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio and Inverse Velocity Modelling in Suoh Pull-apart Basin, Indonesia
Suoh is a pull-apart basin located along the Semangko segment of the Sumatra Fault Zone and filled by thick fluvio-volcanic and alluvial deposits that strongly amplify seismic waves and increase surface damage during earthquakes. This study aims to perform seismic micro-zonation of Suoh using the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) method combined with shallow shear-wave velocity (Vs) inversion to support hazard assessment and land-use planning in the Suoh aspiring geopark. Single station microtremor measurements were acquired at 30 sites and processed with Geopsy to obtain dominant frequency (f0), amplification factor (A0), and seismic vulnerability index (Kg). The HVSR curves were further inverted using the Dinver module to retrieve 1D Vs profiles, with initial models constrained by the global CRUST1.0 model and local geology. The results indicate strong lateral variability in site conditions, with low f0 and high A0 values concentrated in the central–western basin, producing high Kg and reflecting thick-soft sediments overlying deep engineering bedrock (Vs ≥ 800 m/s) at depths exceeding 80–100 m. These high-vulnerability zones spatially coincide with shallow seismicity associated with the Semangko Fault. Based on Kg, the study delineates low, moderate, and high seismic vulnerability zones, highlighting areas where seismic amplification and resonance effects are most pronounced. The combination of HVSR parameters with 2D Vs imaging provides a practical framework for identifying high-risk zones and guiding risk-informed land-use planning in tectono-volcanic basins such as Suoh.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahmi Mulyasari, Muh Sarkowi, Nandi Haerudin, Hari Wiki Utama, Angga Jati Widiatama, I Gede Boy Darmawan, Andri Kurniawan, Yayan Mi’rojul Husni, Hesti Hesti, Nofita Fatmawati, Serli Marlina https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antioxidant and Anticancer Effects of Red Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) Ethanol Extract through In Vitro and In Vivo Colorectal Cancer Models
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Affordable herbal sources such as red okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) pods have gained attention as potential alternative therapies for CRC. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and anticancer effects of red okra ethanol extract (ROE) using both in vitro and in vivo colorectal cancer models. The antioxidant activity of ROE was assessed using the DPPH assay, while cytotoxic activity was evaluated using the MTT assay on SW480 and HCT116 cell lines. An in vivo study was conducted using rats divided into six groups: normal control, negative control (MNU 10 mg/kg BW), positive control (MNU + methotrexate 0.08 mg/kg BW), and treatment groups receiving MNU combined with ROE at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg BW for 28 days. Serum levels of Bcl-2, COX-2, VEGF, and MMP-9 were analyzed, and histopathological evaluations of colon tissues were performed. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s post hoc test. Statistical significance was determined at p<0.05. ROE exhibited potent antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 59.66 ppm) and induced cytotoxic effects by reducing SW480 cell growth and inhibiting HCT116 cell proliferation. Moreover, ROE significantly decreased the expression of Bcl-2, COX-2, VEGF, and MMP-9. These biomarkers are associated with apoptosis inhibition, angiogenesis, inflammation, and metastasis, respectively. Histopathological analysis confirming reduced inflammatory infiltration and suppression of colon carcinogenesis. The optimal in vivo dose was 50 mg/kg BW. These findings support the development of ROE as a promising natural agent for colorectal cancer prevention and therapy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sri Puji Astuti Wahyuningsih, Brigita Klara Krisdina Mamuaya, Firli Rahmah Primula Dewi, Lukiteswari Dyah Tri Hapsari, Baskara Wiku Adi Kusuma, Awik Puji Dyah Nurhayati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Modification of a Gene Cassette to Express Proglargine in Pichia pastoris: Elimination of Glu-Ala Repeats, Spacer and C-peptide Sequences
The growing global prevalence of diabetes mellitus has sharply increased the demand for insulin and its analogues. Pichia pastoris is a well-established system for recombinant pro-insulin and its analogues production. However, conventional gene constructs often include additional sequences, such as Glu-Ala repeats, spacer peptides, and c-peptides that complicate downstream processing and reduce efficiency. This study aimed to construct and express a proglargine (PG) gene cassette lacking the Glu-Ala repeats, spacer, and c-peptide in P. pastoris GS115 to obtain a uniform PG protein. The recombinant vector propagated in Escherichia coli TOP10F’, then expressed in P. pastorisGS115. Selected transformants were cultivated in YPG medium, then induced with 1% and 2% methanol daily in BMMY. The optimum methanol concentration further evaluated in ½ BSM induction medium. The result demonstrated that optimal PG expression was achieved with 2% methanol induction in BMMY, producing higher levels than those with ½ BSM. Among the transformants, PG.c2 produced the highest PG protein in BMMY medium induced with 2% methanol. Dot-blot analysis confirmed the secretion of PG, and LC-HRMS analysis demonstrated 100% amino acid sequence coverage of PG, confirming the integrity and completeness of the expressed protein. This study presented a newly modified PG gene cassette, inserted into pPICZαA vector, to express uniform secreted PG in P. pastoris GS115. By simplifying the precursor structure, a more homogeneous precursor product can be obtained, which is expected to simplify purification and also the downstream enzymatic process of PG into mature insulin glargine.
Copyright (c) 2026 Uli Julia Nasution, Rika Indri Astuti, Aris Tri Wahyudi, Dudi Hardianto, Efrida Martius https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Correlation of Solar Activity and Interplanetary Parameters on Cosmic rays Intensity Investigated through Multivariate Analysis from 1964 to 2020
This study investigated the relationship between the most influential solar and interplanetary plasma parameters and cosmic ray modulation. A principal component analysis (PCA) method was used. The variations of the cosmic ray intensity were obtained at 6 different locations with different latitudes and cutoff rigidities. These stations were located at mid- to high latitudes (SOPO, OULU, and NEWK), while the remaining three were located at low latitudes (MXCO, TSMB, and PSNM). A parameter ranking based on PCA confirmed that sunspot number, interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) magnitude, heliospheric current sheet (HCS) tilt, halo coronal mass ejection (CME) velocity, Bz, and proton density have the highest link with the modulation of cosmic ray intensity. Meanwhile, the PCA analysis at low latitudes revealed that the cone angle and the magnetic field components By and Bx along the y- and x-axes, the mean magnetic field of the Sun, the HCS tilt, and the IMF magnitude exert the greatest correlation on the cosmic ray intensity modulation at this station. The correlation between the analyzed parameters and cosmic ray modulation appears to vary with latitude.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Modulation of AR-FGF-2-TGF beta Axis by Cosmos caudatus Suppresses Prostatic Epithelial Proliferation in a BPH Rat Model: A Comparative Study with Finasteride
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) progression is critically influenced by the androgen receptor (AR), Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling axis. Although finasteride (FIN) is the standard therapeutic agent, its use is limited by adverse effects. This study evaluated the efficacy of Cosmos caudatus (CC) extract, administered alone or in combination with FIN, in modulating the AR–FGF-2–TGF-β axis in a testosterone-induced BPH rat model. Rats were divided into five groups (n = 6): Normal (N), BPH control (KN), FIN (KP; 0.44 mg/kg), CC extract (P1; 250 mg/kg), and combination (P2; CC 250 mg/kg + FIN 0.44 mg/kg). Prostatic AR, FGF-2, and TGF-β expression was analyzed using immunohistochemistry (IHC) with H-score quantification. Both KP and P1 significantly reduced AR (KP: 112 ± 15; P1: 105 ± 12 vs KN: 195 ± 18, p < 0.05) and FGF-2 (KP: 98 ± 14; P1: 92 ± 11 vs KN: 180 ± 20, p < 0.05), approaching normal values (AR N: 90 ± 10; FGF-2 N: 85 ± 9). In contrast, combination therapy (P2) failed to suppress AR (188 ± 17, p = 0.936) and FGF-2 (175 ± 19, p = 0.870) and induced a significant increase in TGF-β (P2: 145 ± 16 vs KN: 110 ± 12, p < 0.05). All treatment groups showed reduced epithelial thickness and prostate index (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that CC extract alone exerts therapeutic effects comparable to FIN by modulating the AR–FGF-2 axis, whereas combining it with FIN disrupts pathway regulation and promotes a pro-fibrotic response. The study supports the potential of CC extract as an effective alternative for BPH management without pharmacologic complications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nita Sahara, Ambar Mudigdo, Brian Wasita, Eti Poncorini Pamungkasari, Paramasari Dirgahayu, Risya Cilmiaty https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Hierarchical NiO/TiO2-Biomass-Derived Porous Carbon Composite with Improved Electrochemical Kinetics for Energy Storage Applications
The development of high-performance and sustainable anode materials remains a crucial challenge for next-generation energy storage systems. In this study, NiO/TiO₂–biomass-derived porous carbon (BPC) composites were successfully synthesized using palm kernel shell-derived porous carbon as a conductive matrix. Structural and morphological characterizations confirmed the homogeneous distribution of NiO and TiO₂ crystals within the porous carbon framework. The FTIR and XRD analyses verified the presence of metal-oxygen bonds and high phase purity, while SEM revealed a well-developed porous structure. Electrochemical evaluations were performed in KOH solution using a three-electrode configuration. The optimized NiO-TiO2/BPC (1:2) electrode delivered a specific capacity of 7.76 mAh g⁻¹ at 10 mV s⁻¹ and sustained 3.59 mAh g⁻¹ at 80 mV s⁻¹, demonstrating favorable rate capability. Galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements further confirmed the improved performance, reaching 8.75 mAh g⁻¹ at 3 A g⁻¹. This enhanced electrochemical behavior is attributed to the synergistic integration of conductive porous carbon with electroactive NiO and TiO₂ phases. These findings indicate that the NiO-TiO₂/BPC composite functions as a hybrid alkaline electrode material and has potential for safe and sustainable aquatic energy storage devices.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Nurdin, Maulidiyah Maulidiyah, Abdul Haris Watoni, Muhammad Zakir, Muliadi Muliadi, Muhammad Zakir Muzakkar, Khusnul Ulul Azmi, Muh Edihar, Ahmad Zulfan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ridge and Liu-Type Estimators for Tobit SUR Model: Application to Air pollution Data
This study extends the seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) model through introducing the ridge (RTSUR) and Liu-Type (LTSUR) estimators as biased estimation techniques to address the problem of multicollinearity in the SUR Tobit (SURT) model. This study theoretically evaluates the superiority of the proposed estimators based on the mean square error (MSE) criterion. The results for the theoretically study showing that, the Liu-Type estimator outperforms other estimators under many conditions. A simulation study was conducted to compare the estimators under various factors. The results of simulation show that, the maximum likelihood (MLE) estimator is the worst estimator at all factors and the LTSUR and RTSUR estimators perform better at high levels of multicollinearity and censoring. The LTSUR still achieved a significant superiority over the RTSUR. In addition, when the number of observations in the equations increases, the performance of the LTSUR and RTSUR estimators improves. Moreover, the simulation mean squared errors (SMSE) values for LTSUR estimator converge as number of observation and censored level increase. To study the behavior of the proposed estimators on real data, we used weather data from Cairo city to examine their influence on pollution levels of carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The results from the real data were consistent with the findings from the simulation study.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tarek Mahmoud Omara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Probabilistic Modeling of Annual Maximum Rainfall for Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curve Construction in the Mamminasata Region, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia
The evaluation of extreme rainfall events is crucial for the management and planning of water resources, particularly in the design of drainage systems and water storage reservoirs. Such evaluation can be carried out through the estimation of design rainfall, which is commonly represented as rainfall intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) data. The purpose of this study is not only to apply probabilistic models to annual maximum daily rainfall data but also to construct the IDF curves of rainfall in the Mamminasata region of South Sulawesi Province. This study utilizes annual maximum daily rainfall data obtained from the Water Resources, Human Settlements, Spatial Planning, and Development Office of South Sulawesi Province, as well as the Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) of Indonesia. The dataset consists of observations from 8 rainfall stations in the Mamminasata region spanning 36 years, from 1989 to 2024. The methodology involves first determining the appropriate probability distribution for each rainfall station, followed by estimating rainfall intensity using the Mononobe method, and finally constructing the IDF curves based on the estimated design rainfall and rainfall intensities for different return periods. This study found that each regency or city within the Mamminasata region generally exhibits distinct rainfall probability distributions. This highlights the importance of evaluating multiple probabilistic models to appropriately characterize the variability and extremes rainfall pattern across different locations. Based on the IDF curve, the results indicate that the longer the rainfall duration, the lower the intensity. Likewise, the shorter the return period, the lower the corresponding intensity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wahidah Sanusi, Sudarmin Patahuddin, Sahlan Sidjara https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dual Antifungal and Immunoregulatory Actions of Topical Silver Nanoparticles from Piper ornatum Extract in Cutaneous Candida albicans Infection
Cutaneous Candida albicans infection is characterized by persistent inflammation, epidermal damage, and dysregulated immune responses. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as promising antifungal agents with additional immunomodulatory properties; however, their effects on skin pathology and local immune responses during candidiasis remain incompletely defined. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of a topical AgNP-based cream in a murine model of C. albicans–induced skin infection. AgNPs were green-synthesized using an aqueous leaf extract of Piper ornatum. A murine model of cutaneous C. albicans infection was established, and infected mice were treated topically with AgNP-based cream formulations at concentrations of 4% or 6%. Disease severity was assessed through macroscopic skin evaluation and histopathological analysis. Immune modulation was examined by flow cytometric analysis of CD4⁺ T-cell subsets expressing TNFα and IL-17, as well as CD11b⁺ myeloid cells expressing IL-6 and IL-10. Untreated infected mice exhibited severe cutaneous pathology, including persistent erythema, erosive lesions, epidermal hyperkeratosis, and acanthosis. These changes were accompanied by marked immune dysregulation, characterized by expansion of CD4⁺IL-17⁺ T-cells, suppression of TNFα-producing CD4⁺ T-cells, increased IL-6 expression, and reduced IL-10 production in CD11b⁺ myeloid cells. Topical AgNP treatment significantly ameliorated macroscopic and histological skin damage, restoring epidermal architecture toward normal. Immunologically, AgNP therapy attenuated pathological Th17 responses, reduced IL-6-producing myeloid cells, enhanced IL-10 expression, and maintained TNFα at controlled levels. Both AgNP concentrations were effective, with the 4% AgNP formulation showing slightly superior normalization of epidermal thickness and inflammatory markers. Overall, topical AgNP-based cream effectively alleviated cutaneous C. albicans infection by combining antifungal activity with coordinated immunomodulation of both adaptive and innate immune responses. By suppressing excessive IL-17– and IL-6–driven inflammation while promoting regulatory immune pathways, AgNP treatment supports tissue repair and immune homeostasis, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic strategy for cutaneous candidiasis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Firli Rahmah Primula Dewi, Laila Al Azizi `Mustofa, Candra Dwipayana Hamdin, Almando Geraldi, Vuanghao Lim, Manikya Pramudya, Alfiah Hayati, Versa Rachmania Hajar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
New Pyrrole-Chalcone Hybrids Against Acetylcholinesterase: Synthesis, In Vitro, and Computational Studies
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition remains a central therapeutic approach for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as it helps preserve synaptic acetylcholine levels, enhances cholinergic neurotransmission, and mitigates early cognitive decline. In this study, eight novel pyrrole–chalcone hybrids (3–10), consisting of four pyrrole–chalcones (3–6) and four pyrrole–chalcone amides (7–10), were designed, synthesized, and biologically evaluated for AChE inhibition. Among them, compound 8 (N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-pyrrole–chalcone amide) and compound 10 (N-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-pyrrole–chalcone amide) demonstrated the strongest inhibitory activity, with IC₅₀ values of 3.1 and 2.8 µM, respectively, comparable to galantamine. Kinetic assays confirmed that both compounds act as noncompetitive inhibitors, as indicated by reduced Vmax without significant alteration in Km, while compound 10 exhibited Ki of 0.8 µM, reflecting high enzyme affinity. Molecular docking revealed strong binding interactions of compounds 8 and 10 with key AChE residues (Trp84, Phe330, Tyr334), supported by π–π stacking, π–alkyl interactions, and hydrogen bonding, with binding energies of –9.2 (compound 8) and –8.9 kcal/mol (compound 10). Molecular dynamics simulations further demonstrated that compound 10 forms a more stable and compact complex with AChE, as indicated by consistent RMSD values and a stable radius of gyration. SwissADME analysis confirmed favorable pharmacokinetic profiles for both ligands, including Lipinski compliance, high GI absorption, and absence of PAINS alerts, despite the lack of predicted BBB permeability. Overall, compound 10 emerges as the most promising noncompetitive AChE inhibitor in this series, exhibiting strong binding affinity, structural stability, and drug-likeness, thus warranting further optimization and in vivo evaluation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dadan Ridwanuloh, Ade Danova, Elvira Hermawati, Warinthorn Chavasiri, Ihsanawati Ihsanawati, Anita Alni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating the Potential of Agarose Hydrogel Incorporating Eggshell Powder as a Sustainable Medium for Seedling Growth
Hydrogels represent a promising alternative for plant cultivation, offering excellent water and nutrient retention. This study reports the synthesis and characterization of an agarose-based hydrogel composite enhanced with eggshell powder (ESP). The hydrogel composites were prepared in four agarose-to-ESP ratios: 10:0 (Hyd-ES0), 10:1 (Hyd-ES1), 10:3 (Hyd-ES3), and 10:5 (Hyd-ES5). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed minimal peak shifts, indicating no significant chemical modifications. Characteristic ESP peaks were identified in the composite hydrogels, confirming the effective integration of ESP into the agarose matrix. The addition of ESP reduced the decomposition rate of the hydrogels and increased macromolecular stability. Density measurements indicated higher density with increasing ESP concentration, supported by enhanced crystal formation, as evidenced by more intense diffraction peaks in X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. Morphological analysis revealed that the porosity of the hydrogel, swelling, and weight-loss tests showed a decline in both properties with higher ESP content. Seed germination experiments demonstrated that stem, root, and leaf growth, as well as fresh and dry weights, were most optimal with the Hyd-ES1 hydrogel composite. Thus, Hyd-ES1 hydrogel exhibits significant potential as a medium for seed germination and plant growth.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ade Yeti Nuryantini, Ea Cahya Septia Mahen, Indri Oktaviani, Bebeh Wahid Nuryadin, Dhewa Edikresnha, Khairurrijal Khairurrijal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phytochemical Profiling and In Vitro Lipoxygenase Inhibitory Activity of Three Kratom Leaf Varieties by GC–MS, HPLC, and LC–HRMS
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) is widely used in Southeast Asia, and vein-color phenotypes (red, white, green) are traditionally and commercially associated with different intended uses and perceived effects. Although phytochemical variation among kratom products has been reported, direct comparison of Kalimantan vein-color phenotypes that links standardized alkaloid metrics to a defined anti-inflammatory enzyme target remains limited. Since 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) contributes to the formation of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators and is implicated in chronic inflammatory conditions, its inhibition provides a relevant biochemical endpoint to screen anti-inflammatory potential. This study characterized the alkaloid profiles and mitragynine content of red-, white-, and green-vein kratom leaves from Kalimantan and evaluated their in vitro 15-LOX inhibitory activity. GC–MS and LC–HRMS indicated broadly similar alkaloid fingerprints across phenotypes, dominated by mitragynine with accompanying constituents, including 7-hydroxymitragynine, paynantheine and the speciogynine/speciociliatine isomeric pair. Mitragynine content in crude methanolic extracts ranged from 22.96 ± 0.24 to 43.87 ± 0.96 mg g⁻¹ extract (white > green > red; p < 0.0001), whereas alkaloid extracts contained 177.44 ± 0.70 to 258.21 ± 1.00 mg g⁻¹ extract (red > green > white; p < 0.0001). In the 15-LOX assay, baicalein showed the strongest inhibition (IC₅₀ = 9.72 ± 0.07 µg mL⁻¹), followed by mitragynine (28.38 ± 0.39 µg mL⁻¹) and alkaloid extracts (red: 53.01 ± 0.39; green: 56.29 ± 0.79; white: 59.91 ± 0.92 µg mL⁻¹), while crude methanolic extracts exhibited weak activity (IC₅₀ > 100 µg mL⁻¹). Overall, Kalimantan vein-color phenotypes share a common monoterpenoid indole alkaloid core profile but differ quantitatively in mitragynine levels and 15-LOX inhibitory potency, supporting further mechanistic and translational investigations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bujaningrum Ega Agustina, Berna Elya, Roshamur Cahyan Forestrania, Husniati Husniati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Metabolite Profiling and Preliminary Biological Assessment of Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. f.) Merr. Bark Extracts from Pekanbaru, Indonesia
Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. f.) Merr. is a tropical medicinal plant traditionally used in Southeast Asia; however, information on the metabolite composition and biological properties of its bark remains limited. This study aimed to characterize the metabolite profile of S. koetjape bark extracts obtained using solvents of different polarity and to conduct an initial evaluation of their biological activities. Bark samples collected from Pekanbaru, Indonesia, were extracted using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol, and then followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. A total of 56 metabolites were identified, with triterpenoid-type compounds predominating in the ethyl acetate and ethanolic extracts, while sesquiterpenoid constituents were more characteristic of the n-hexane extract. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay, revealing that the ethanolic extract exhibited the strongest activity (IC₅₀ = 32.53 µg mL⁻¹), followed by the ethyl acetate extract (IC₅₀ = 103.73 µg mL⁻¹), while the n-hexane extract showed negligible activity within the tested range. Initial toxicity screening using the brine shrimp lethality test indicated that the ethanolic extract demonstrated higher toxicity (LC₅₀ = 94.93 µg mL⁻¹) compared with the other extracts. Overall, this study provides baseline phytochemical and preliminary biological data on S. koetjape bark extracts, highlighting solvent-dependent metabolite profiles and initial bioactivity patterns. These findings support further targeted pharmacological and mechanistic investigations of bioactive constituents from this plant.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Anisa, Berry Juliandi, Silmi Mariya, Kanthi Arum Widayati, Tri Heru Widarto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Beyond Waste: Unlocking the Potential of Cassava By-products for Biomedical Hydrogels with Effective Drug Delivery Capabilities
A substantial number of by-products, such as peel and residue, are generated from cassava production in Indonesia but are often neglected, posing a significant environmental challenge. In response to this issue, this research reports the valorization of these processing by-products into functional, cellulose-based hydrogels for drug delivery applications. The research developed an optimized methodology that ensures the near-complete removal of starch from cassava-based waste. This process consistently yields isolated cellulose characterized by a dual-population size distribution across both waste sources, reflecting the successful extraction of distinct fiber fractions. The synthesis of these hydrogels via graft polymerization was supported by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, which showed the emergence of characteristic peaks for C=O and N–H groups indicated the incorporation of the graft polymer into the hydrogel network. The results revealed notable structural and performance differences, with the cassava residue cellulose (CRC)-hydrogel exhibiting a superior, highly porous, and well-interconnected network compared with cassava peel cellulose (CPC)-hydrogel. This translated to a greater maximum swelling ratio (51.87 g/g) and enhanced water retention, which directly influenced its drug delivery capabilities. The CRC-hydrogel demonstrated a higher entrapment efficiency for ascorbic acid (22.47 w/w%) and a faster, more predictable diffusion-controlled release profile, as confirmed by Higuchi kinetic modelling. Furthermore, it proved to be a more effective delivery system for amoxicillin at a concentration of 25 µg. This study concludes with a systematic route for the fabrication of value-added functional hydrogels from abundant agricultural waste. This work helps in sustaining the environment and utilization of biocompatible material for biomedical applications (drug delivery, wound healing) by providing a reliable synthetic path from cassava residue to porous matrix.
Copyright (c) 2026 Heri Satria, Kamisah Delilawati Pandiangan, Hapin Afriyani, Diska Indah Alista https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimizing ESG-Constrained Mean-Variance Portfolio using Spiral Optimization Algorithm
This research investigates ESG-constrained mean–variance portfolio optimization by incorporating buy-in threshold constraints using data from the Indonesian stock market. The optimization problem is formulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model, which captures both the discrete investment decisions and the nonlinear nature of risk-return trade-offs. To solve this complex model, the spiral optimization algorithm (SOA) is employed due to its flexibility and efficiency in handling constrained optimization problems. The performance of SOA is benchmarked against other well-known metaheuristic algorithms, namely Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), using portfolios consisting of 5 and 10 ESG-compliant stocks. Based on the empirical results for 5 stocks, we show that SOA gives the same results with PSO and GWO results. Meanwhile for 10 stocks, SOA gives consistent results than the results of PSO and GWO. Therefore, we conclude that SOA can be used in small number of stocks or extended stocks in solving this ESG-portfolio problems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Werry Febrianti, Novriana Sumarti, Achmad Suryadi Nasution, Andi Fitriawati, Desi Era P Siregar, Yolanda Sari S https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0