Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science
Open Access Journal
Scopus CiteScore 2024
4.8
Calculated on 05 May, 2025
SJR 2024
0.31
Powered by scimagojr.com
Open Access Journal
4.8
Calculated on 05 May, 2025
0.31
Powered by scimagojr.com
https://doi.org/10.47352/jmans.2774-3047.253
Ramacos Fardela
Ega Septryan Candra
Dian Milvita
Dedi Mardiansyah
Ridwan Ridwan
Fiqi Diyona
Almahdi Mousa
The negative effects of increased radiation dose can impact healthy tissue surrounding the target area, necessitating careful management to minimize side effects and meticulous planning in radiation therapy. This study aims to determine the peripheral dose of a 6 MV photon beam and compare the measured values with the estimates from the Treatment Planning System (TPS). Dose calculations were performed using the Analytical Anisotropic Algorithm (AAA) in the ECLIPSETM TPS on a virtual water phantom with a 6 MV photon beam, delivered by a Clinac CX linear accelerator (LINAC) at Unand Hospital. Photons were used with variations in target depth of 1.5, 5, and 10 cm, as well as variations in measuring distances of 3, 5, 7, 10, and 15 cm outside the irradiation field. The area of irradiation used varied of 5×5 and 10×10 cm2. The measurement results based on the distance of the field edge showed that the dose percentage decreased below 10% when passing a distance of 5 cm for a field area of 5×5 cm2, and for a field area of 10×10 cm2, the dose percentage decreased below 10% after passing a distance of 7 cm from the edge of the irradiation field. The peripheral dose intensity in the area outside the target will decrease along with the increasing measurement distance from the edge of the field and the depth due to the interaction of radiation with the medium, which causes the spread and absorption of photons in the medium.
[1] W. D. Coolidge, L. E. Dempster, and H. E. Tanis. (1931). "High Voltage Cathode Ray and X-Ray Tubes and Their Operation". Physics. 1 (4): 230-244. 10.1063/1.1745004.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1745004[2] H. Schwoerer. (2004). In: "Femtosecond Technology for Technical and Medical Applications, (Topics in Applied Physics, ch. Chapter 17". 235-254. 10.1007/978-3-540-39848-6_17.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39848-6_17[3] M. Cooper, P. Mijnarends, N. Shiotani, N. Sakai, and A. Bansil. (2004). X-Ray Compton Scattering. 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198501688.001.0001.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198501688.001.0001[4] E. Rosenblatt, E. Zubizarreta, R. Camacho, and B. Vikram. (2017). In: "Radiotherapy in cancer care: facing the global challenge". International Atomic Energy Agency.
[5] I. El Naqa, R. Li, and M. J. Murphy. (2015). Machine Learning in Radiation Oncology. 10.1007/978-3-319-18305-3.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18305-3[6] E. H. Zubizarreta, E. Fidarova, B. Healy, and E. Rosenblatt. (2015). "Need for radiotherapy in low and middle income countries - the silent crisis continues". Clinical Oncology journal. 27 (2): 107-14. 10.1016/j.clon.2014.10.006.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clon.2014.10.006[7] R. J. Fry. (2001). "Deterministic effects". Health Physics. 80 (4): 338-43. 10.1097/00004032-200104000-00009.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00004032-200104000-00009[8] T. M. Fliedner, D. H. Graessle, V. Meineke, and L. E. Feinendegen. (2012). "Hemopoietic response to low dose-rates of ionizing radiation shows stem cell tolerance and adaptation". Dose Response. 10 (4): 644-63. 10.2203/dose-response.12-014.Feinendegen.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2203/dose-response.12-014.Feinendegen[9] P. P. Connell and S. Hellman. (2009). "Advances in radiotherapy and implications for the next century: a historical perspective". Cancer Research. 69 (2): 383-92. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6871.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6871[10] A. Marin, M. Martin, O. Linan, F. Alvarenga, M. Lopez, L. Fernandez, D. Buchser, and L. Cerezo. (2015). "Bystander effects and radiotherapy". Reports of Practical Oncology and Radiotherapy. 20 (1): 12-21. 10.1016/j.rpor.2014.08.004.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpor.2014.08.004[11] L. E. Feinendegen, M. Pollycove, and C. A. Sondhaus. (2004). "Responses to low doses of ionizing radiation in biological systems". Nonlinearity in Biology, Toxicology, and Medicine. 2 (3): 143-71. 10.1080/15401420490507431.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15401420490507431[12] S. S. Wallace. (2002). "Biological consequences of free radical-damaged DNA bases". Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 33 (1): 1-14. 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)00827-4.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(02)00827-4[13] K. R. Brown and E. Rzucidlo. (2011). "Acute and chronic radiation injury". Journal of Vascular Surgery. 53 (1 Suppl): 15S-21S. 10.1016/j.jvs.2010.06.175.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2010.06.175[14] Y. Kagan, A. M. Afanas'ev, and V. G. Kohn. (1979). "On excitation of isomeric nuclear states in a crystal by synchrotron radiation". Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics. 12 (3): 615-631. 10.1088/0022-3719/12/3/027.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3719/12/3/027[15] S. Choudhary. (2018). "Deterministic and Stochastic Effects of Radiation". Cancer therapy & Oncology International Journal. 12 (2). 10.19080/ctoij.2018.12.555834.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.19080/CTOIJ.2018.12.555834[16] M. B. Sharpe. (2006). "IAEA Technical Reports Series No. 430: Commissioning And Quality Assurance Of Computerized Planning Systems For Radiation Treatment Of Cancer". Medical Physics. 33 (2): 561-561. 10.1118/1.2167371.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1118/1.2167371[17] R. Shende, S. J. Dhoble, and G. Gupta. (2023). "Dosimetric Evaluation of Radiation Treatment Planning for Simultaneous Integrated Boost Technique Using Monte Carlo Simulation". Journal of Medical Physics. 48 (3): 298-306. 10.4103/jmp.jmp_4_23.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jmp.jmp_4_23[18] Q. Liu, J. Liang, D. Zhou, D. J. Krauss, P. Y. Chen, and D. Yan. (2018). "Dosimetric Evaluation of Incorporating Patient Geometric Variations Into Adaptive Plan Optimization Through Probabilistic Treatment Planning in Head and Neck Cancers". International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 101 (4): 985-997. 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.03.062.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.03.062[19] N. Benzazon, A. Carre, F. de Kermenguy, S. Niyoteka, P. Maury, J. Colnot, M. M'Hamdi, M. E. Aichi, C. Veres, R. Allodji, F. de Vathaire, D. Sarrut, N. Journy, C. Alapetite, V. Gregoire, E. Deutsch, I. Diallo, and C. Robert. (2024). "Deep-Learning for Rapid Estimation of the Out-of-Field Dose in External Beam Photon Radiation Therapy - A Proof of Concept". International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 120 (1): 253-264. 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2024.03.007.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2024.03.007[20] S. F. Kry, O. N. Vassiliev, and R. Mohan. (2010). "Out-of-field photon dose following removal of the flattening filter from a medical accelerator". Physics in Medicine & Biology. 55 (8): 2155-66. 10.1088/0031-9155/55/8/003.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/55/8/003[21] S. F. Kry, U. Titt, F. Ponisch, D. Followill, O. N. Vassiliev, R. A. White, R. Mohan, and M. Salehpour. (2006). "A Monte Carlo model for calculating out-of-field dose from a varian 6 MV beam". Medical Physics. 33 (11): 4405-13. 10.1118/1.2360013.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1118/1.2360013[22] N. Matuszak, M. Kruszyna-Mochalska, A. Skrobala, A. Ryczkowski, P. Romanski, I. Piotrowski, K. Kulcenty, W. M. Suchorska, and J. Malicki. (2022). "Nontarget and Out-of-Field Doses from Electron Beam Radiotherapy". Life (Basel). 12 (6). 10.3390/life12060858.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/life12060858[23] J. Ng and T. Dai. (2016). "Radiation therapy and the abscopal effect: a concept comes of age". Annals of Translational Medicine. 4 (6): 118. 10.21037/atm.2016.01.32.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2016.01.32[24] G. K. Azad and C. Corner. (2015). In: "Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery". 144-152. 10.1002/9781118655412.ch13.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118655412.ch13[25] S. Soleymanifard, S. A. Aledavood, A. V. Noghreiyan, M. Ghorbani, F. Jamali, and D. Davenport. (2016). "In vivo skin dose measurement in breast conformal radiotherapy". Contemporary Oncology. 20 (2): 137-40. 10.5114/wo.2015.54396.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/wo.2015.54396[26] N. N. Lethukuthula, R. J. Nicolas, N. C. Lutendo, and M. Nyathi. (2024). "A Study of the TPS Based Beam-Matching Concept for Medical Linear Accelerators at a Tertiary Hospital". International Journal of Medical Physics, Clinical Engineering and Radiation Oncology. 13 (01): 16-25. 10.4236/ijmpcero.2024.131002.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ijmpcero.2024.131002[27] G. Martin-Martin, S. Walter, and E. Guibelalde. (2021). "Dose accuracy improvement on head and neck VMAT treatments by using the Acuros algorithm and accurate FFF beam calibration". Reports of Practical Oncology and Radiotherapy. 26 (1): 73-85. 10.5603/RPOR.a2021.0014.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5603/RPOR.a2021.0014[28] P. Urso, R. Lorusso, L. Marzoli, D. Corletto, P. Imperiale, A. Pepe, and L. Bianchi. (2018). "Practical application of Octavius((R)) -4D: Characteristics and criticalities for IMRT and VMAT verification". Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics. 19 (5): 517-524. 10.1002/acm2.12412.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/acm2.12412[29] B. E. Nelms and J. A. Simon. (2007). "A survey on planar IMRT QA analysis". Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics. 8 (3): 76-90. 10.1120/jacmp.v8i3.2448.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1120/jacmp.v8i3.2448[30] M. W. Geurts, D. J. Jacqmin, L. E. Jones, S. F. Kry, D. N. Mihailidis, J. D. Ohrt, T. Ritter, J. B. Smilowitz, and N. E. Wingreen. (2022). "AAPM Medical Physics Practice Guideline 5.b: Commissioning and QA of treatment planning dose calculations-Megavoltage photon and electron beams". Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics. 23 (9): e13641. 10.1002/acm2.13641.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/acm2.13641[31] P. Francescon, C. Cavedon, S. Reccanello, and S. Cora. (2000). "Photon dose calculation of a three-dimensional treatment planning system compared to the Monte Carlo code BEAM". Medical Physics. 27 (7): 1579-87. 10.1118/1.599024.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1118/1.599024[32] T. Kataria, H. B. Govardhan, D. Gupta, U. Mohanraj, S. S. Bisht, R. Sambasivaselli, S. Goyal, A. Abhishek, A. Srivatsava, L. Pushpan, V. Kumar, and S. Vikraman. (2014). "Dosimetric comparison between Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) vs Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) for radiotherapy of mid esophageal carcinoma". Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics. 10 (4): 871-7. 10.4103/0973-1482.138217.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1482.138217[33] B. Sanchez-Nieto, K. N. Medina-Ascanio, J. L. Rodriguez-Mongua, E. Doerner, and I. Espinoza. (2020). "Study of out-of-field dose in photon radiotherapy: A commercial treatment planning system versus measurements and Monte Carlo simulations". Medical Physics. 47 (9): 4616-4625. 10.1002/mp.14356.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.14356[34] V. Vlachopoulou, G. Malatara, H. Delis, K. Theodorou, D. Kardamakis, and G. Panayiotakis. (2010). "Peripheral dose measurement in high-energy photon radiotherapy with the implementation of MOSFET". World Journal of Radiology. 2 (11): 434-9. 10.4329/wjr.v2.i11.434.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v2.i11.434[35] S. Dieterich, C. Cavedon, C. F. Chuang, A. B. Cohen, J. A. Garrett, C. L. Lee, J. R. Lowenstein, M. F. d'Souza, D. D. Taylor, Jr., X. Wu, and C. Yu. (2011). "Report of AAPM TG 135: quality assurance for robotic radiosurgery". Medical Physics. 38 (6): 2914-36. 10.1118/1.3579139.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1118/1.3579139[36] J. Van de Steene, N. Linthout, J. de Mey, V. Vinh-Hung, C. Claassens, M. Noppen, A. Bel, and G. Storme. (2002). "Definition of gross tumor volume in lung cancer: inter-observer variability". Radiotherapy and Oncology. 62 (1): 37-49. 10.1016/s0167-8140(01)00453-4.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8140(01)00453-4[37] O. V. Gul. (2024). "Experimental evaluation of out-of-field dose for different high-energy electron beams and applicators used in external beam radiotherapy". Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 215. 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2023.111345.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2023.111345[38] C. Oancea, C. Granja, L. Marek, J. Jakubek, J. Solc, E. Bodenstein, S. Gantz, J. Pawelke, and J. Pivec. (2023). "Out-of-field measurements and simulations of a proton pencil beam in a wide range of dose rates using a Timepix3 detector: Dose rate, flux and LET". Physica Medica. 106 : 102529. 10.1016/j.ejmp.2023.102529.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2023.102529[39] A. M. Abdelaal, E. M. Attalla, and W. M. Elshemey. (2020). "Estimation of Out-of-Field Dose Variation using Markus Ionization Chamber Detector". SciMedicine Journal. 2 (1): 8-15. 10.28991/SciMedJ-2020-0201-2.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.28991/SciMedJ-2020-0201-2[40] R. M. Howell, S. B. Scarboro, S. F. Kry, and D. Z. Yaldo. (2010). "Accuracy of out-of-field dose calculations by a commercial treatment planning system". Physics in Medicine & Biology. 55 (23): 6999-7008. 10.1088/0031-9155/55/23/S03.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/55/23/S03[41] F. Faghihi Moghaddam, M. Bakhshandeh, M. Ghorbani, and B. Mofid. (2020). "Assessing the out-of-field dose calculation accuracy by eclipse treatment planning system in sliding window IMRT of prostate cancer patients". Computers in Biology and Medicine. 127 : 104052. 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.104052.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.104052[42] E. M. Attalla, D. M. Sinousy, H. F. Ibrahim, F. A. Elhussiny, and A. F. Elmekawy. (2023). "The accuracy of out of field dose calculations in commercial treatment planning system using GATE/GEANT4 Monte Carlo simulation". Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 206. 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2023.110772.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2023.110772[43] M. Mazonakis and J. Damilakis. (2021). "Out-of-field organ doses and associated risk of cancer development following radiation therapy with photons". Physica Medica. 90 : 73-82. 10.1016/j.ejmp.2021.09.005.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2021.09.005[44] N. S. Momeni, S. Afraydoon, N. Hamzian, A. Nikfarjam, M. Vakili Ghasemabad, S. Abdollahi-Dehkordi, M. Shabani, M. Dehestani, and A. Heidari. (2023). "The Estimation of Radiation Dose to Out-of-Field Points of Organs at Risk in Block and MLC Shielded Fields in Lung Cancer Radiation Therapy". Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies. 10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12223.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/fbt.v10i2.12223